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ZMA201800014 Correspondence 2019-05-10 AECOM Imagine it. AECOM /'�1� Delivered. aecom.com Project name: Birdwood Renovation Project ref: 60563560 From: Rachel Lloyd To: Elise Cruz Date: Real Estate Project Coordinator May 10,2019 UVA Foundation PO Box 400218 Charlottesville,VA CC: Memo Subject: Birdwood Landscape Preservation The preservation of the Birdwood historic landscape has been an important consideration during the planning for the property rehabilitation. Treatment planning has focused on the retention of key historic spaces, qualities, and features, including views, vegetation, garden areas, and other landscape resources. The historic character and design of the landscape has guided the placement of proposed features and the general arrangement of site circulation and spatial organization. Particular questions about the treatment for proposed site features have focused on two issues: the protection of special mature trees and the location of event-related structures. • In general, proposed site features are placed outside the dripline of mature trees to minimize damage to their roots. In one case, the plan proposes a new service access drive along the western side of the property's historic core; this access abuts a row of historic pecan trees. Pecans typically grow a very deep tap root with shallower feeder roots out to their dripline or beyond. The current plan proposes that the new service access would follow what appears to be an older road or path trace, visible in the landscape through a slight depression in the topography immediately west of the trees. An older aerial photograph, c. 1937, also appears to show the end point of that same drive, parallel to the eastern driveway that remains today. Therefore, the trees likely matured under conditions that included a road or path in the proposed service access location. The design team will evaluate options for protecting the pecan trees while rehabilitating the service drive by 1)working with an arborist to evaluate potential protection measures, 2) providing a shallow road base that minimizes impacts to the trees'feeder roots, 3) shifting the proposed drive to the west outside the trees'dripline, and/or 4) other measures as necessary. Views to the service drive from the key historic spaces (house and formal gardens)would be mitigated by proposed plantings such as a hedge and other compatible screening vegetation. • The landscape's historic spatial organization suggests that any structures should be located outside the key garden areas and critical viewsheds. However, temporary structures placed in the landscape to support events would not have an impact on the integrity of the property because they would be removed at the closure of the event season and would have no permanent effect on the landscape (i.e., would not require the removal of existing landscape features or the addition of visible permanent surface features such as a foundation). While the exact location of any future permanent structure would be evaluated in more detail as necessary, the general location would follow the treatment guidelines for the overall property. 1/1 I3IRDWOODL&NDSCAPE . ... ._,...... , _ _ __ ,. , _. ..„... -.0.1.-iumm Nom _ - -. "- -. -,,, tr,,,,.:„.... , a , . 4 i . , . �tp- . .0 4." q, r -.. ., i .-, v ; I 'L N+ ` ; et - �/�� t �1►. y STD `+ _' , ._ 1 it,:--, _ii ,-.7 ,, '6:f''1' . ILI :, ! i.,%i �, - ' 4544..-'•4,:'; •}V , SITE PROTECTION AND STEWARDSHIP STRATEGIES PLAN UNIVERSITY Or VIRGINIA FOUNDATION / 2015 EVOLUTION OF THE BIRDWOOD LANDSCAPE Holsinger in 1917-1918.Holsinger's photographs documented the formal the ornamental garden with enclosure hedges and gateways,the water entry drive and looped access at the pavilion's front portico;the gardens; tower,the hedges near the front portico,and possibly the three-tiered marble The Birdwood landscape represents several periods of development, swimming pool and pool pavilion;garden pergola;garden statuary,urns,and fountain and the four thematic statues. each with a significant contribution to the historic character and function fountain;and views into the surrounding landscape.By that time,many of the of the property.Today,the physical remnants of these different periods trees surrounding the buildings and gardens were mature,suggesting that Working Landscape Era(1920-1967) are intertwined,creating an eclectic landscape in the central portion of the previous owners had planted them.These include the tree allee along the The property changed ownership at least three times.During this era a property.This historic core contains the highest concentration of designed entrance drive and the pecan trees south of the pavilion. barn,a garage,several lakes,and a Caretaker's Cottage were built.Charles landscape features on the property.During the historic period,the designed Gillette created a new design for the ornamental gardens during this era, landscape precinct was surrounded by an equally important vernacular The year 1921 ushered in a new owner and additional structures.Henry although it is unclear if the design was ever built.(See more information agricultural landscape.This rolling agricultural landscape—downhill from the Fonda constructed the brick barn and wood garage,suggesting that the about Charles Gillette at the end of this report.) designed landscape and house built on the high ground—was both a working property was still used for active farming and that its owner likely owned a farm and a pastoral scene visible from the house and gardens.While the car.James De Witt purchased the core property in 1936,although by this EXTANT HISTORIC FEATURES outer landscape is no longer farmed,it retains some of the scenic quality of time the Birdwood land holdings had diminished to 560 acres.Cornelius the historic conditions. Middleton bought Birdwood in 1940 and undertook renovations to the main pavilion and also constructed Middleton House,the Caretaker's Cottage, The Birdwood Landscape Report identifies the following historic buildings The documented history of what would come to be known as Birdwood several lakes,and a show barn for his Hereford cattle. and landscape features: began in the early 18th century,when David Lewis acquired the property in a • Birdwood Pavilion,c.1819-1830 3,000 acre land grant from the Crown.Four other owners purchased several In 1967,the University of Virginia purchased the first of several portions of Slave Quarters,c.1819-1830 hundred acres of this grant over the next 150 years,including John Dabney the Birdwood property.The University built a golf course at Birdwood with a • in 1759,John Kerr in 1793,Hoare Browse Trist in 1800,and William Garth in separate entry drive and features related to the sport,thus maintaining the Ice House,c.1age 1810. open quality of the former agricultural fields.Several of the buildings near the Northwest Storage Building,c.1830 mansion are currently used for housing.In general,and aside from the golf Southeast Storage Building,c 1819-1830 Garth built the Birdwood pavilion and four surrounding dependencies course,the University has maintained the property with few major alterations. Southwest Storage Building,c.1819-1830 As a result,manyhistoric features have survived. Agricultural Landscape between 1819 and 1830;the entrance drive was also built at that time.It has ' Approach Drive with Circle near Pavilion been suggested that Thomas Jefferson's workmen may have assisted with ' Pavilion Addition the construction of the buildings due to the shared classical characteristics HISTORIC PERIODS • Trees in Front Lawn of the Birdwood structures and the contemporaneous University of Virginia • Allee of Trees along Approach Drive pavilions.The farm was likely a thriving plantation,as Garth shared an The Birdwood Landscape Report documents four historic ownership eras • Pecan Trees in Rear Lawn interest in scientific agricultural practices with the local elite farming before the University purchased the property in 1967.The report states that • Ornamental Gardens community.Garth produced tobacco,corn,wheat,wool,and butter with the these eras include: • Water Tower,c.1909 help of 52 enslaved workers by 1850.The plantation was the site of horse • Stone Shed,c.1909 races run by the Birdwood Jockey Club.During the Civil War,it was also the William Garth Era(1819-1878) • Hedges near Front Portico subject of a raid by General Custer in 1865. Extant landscape features from this era include the mansion,four • Marble Fountain dependencies,the spatial arrangement between these buildings,the • Wood Garage,c.1920 Samuel Buck purchased the Birdwood property in 1879.The Bucks only establishment of the early agricultural landscape worked with slave labor, • Barn,c.1925 owned the property for eleven years,but they appeared to have been active and the approach drive with its direct alignment and oval layout near the • Silo,c.1930 farmers.A description of the property at that time includes a mention of mansion. • Stone Garage,c.1940 quarters for enslaved workers,a gardener's cottage,orchards,berry patches, • Middleton House,c.1940 a roof cistern,wine cellar,apple room,a multitude of trees representing Samuel Buck-William Chamberlain Era(1879-1908) • Caretaker Cottage,1945 different geographies of the U.S.,a poultry yard,walnut trees,and a The memoirs of a former resident document an agricultural landscape,but • Lake stocked fish pond.Buck's ownership of the property was followed by William do not confirm the creation of orchards,berries,ponds with fish,walnut trees, Chamberlain's in 1891,although no information has come to light about his and agricultural pursuits with poultry and a stable.The memoirs do state that Other important historic landscape characteristics of the property include the activities.Charles Edgar purchased Birdwood in 1903,and constructed a the Bucks purchased trees from every state and planted them in the front distinctive landscape"rooms"created by the assemblage of buildings,trees, new underground piping system to provide water to the house and also the lawn.The allee of trees along the approach drive and the pecan trees in the topography,and hedges;fields on the rolling terrain;and the residential large building addition on the southern side of the pavilion. rear lawn may date to this period.During this era,land,the stable,and the development on the property's high ground. garage were added to the property. Hollis Rinehart,Birdwood owner from 1909 to 1921,undertook many Important plantings includes a collection of trees,hedges,and garden alterations to the property during his tenure to create the country estate Hollis Rinehart Era(1909-1920) vegetation.The tree allees,specimen trees,fruit and nut trees,and character that still remains.Rinehart was a wealthy businessman and a The use of the property changed from a working agricultural landscape to a hedgerows helped shape both the residential precinct within the former member of the University's Board of Visitors.His alterations of the property gentleman's farm with ornamental gardens and related site improvements for agricultural landscape.Hedges,shrubbery,and perennial garden plantings included the construction of the stone shed and the water tower.He also display,recreation,and social activity.Extant features from this era include formed the backbone of the designed gardens.Lawn carpets the core of the installed the ornamental gardens that were later photographed by Rufus BIRDWOOD LANDSCAPE SITE PROTECTION AND STEWARDSHIP STRATEGIES PLAN/PAGE 2 historic landscape.Other important components of the landscape include the INTEGRITY A e ----•_• --"' rii,; X circulation features such as the entry drive,remnant garden paths,gates, -• -. and gateways.Views to and from the pavilion were critical elements of the The designed landscape appears to retain integrity from all periods,in that it :.It-. . v landscape design. retains many of the historic structures,features,and characteristics created `•. . I there over time. • : ; t y c I' HISTORIC SIGNIFICANCE tz.,;.{w•:.`+; 1 ! Missing features include the swimming pool,the pool pavilion,garden • ` . R • /, The Birdwood property is considered significant because it"embodies plantings,garden walkways,pergola,orchards,other farm gardens,barns, ,t I • the characteristics of a type,period,or method of construction"according fences,name signs on the entrance gates,the gates at the stone pillars, ••.;"•� " .1 • to its National Register nomination(2003).The property contains many garden benches and other site furnishings,and garden statuary. '+:` ' .,•' --...___ '1{ contributing buildings within a distinctive landscape.The historic buildings •+include the main Birdwood pavilion,slave quarters,an ice house,barns, SOURCES �'"• , '� 'SV^c'$ �y a silo,other dependencies,a water tower,and dwellings representing • ' t,f c'�f* Early Republic,Classical Revival,vernacular,and pre-World War II styles. +"• • . , . • • {. .. a •1 Birdwood,National Register of Historic Places nomination,2003 '•- Although the National Register nomination does not include Middleton House 9 or the Caretaker Cottage as contributing buildings,these residences were • Birdwood Cultural Center,prepared by Mitchell/Matthews ► 3f. 1 4 constructed in the historic period of significance and helped support the Architects for the University of Virginia, 1997 �\ ;`` �. ': *� t function of the farm. • Birdwood Ice House, Historic American Building Survey, 1982 e f • "Birdwood Landscape Report,"prepared by the University of � ter}^ i A As the Birdwood Landscape Report suggests: Virginia,n.d. '•1<; i•. I • Birdwood Mothball Report,prepared by Frazier Associates for the 1 "Birdwood exemplifies the emergence and evolution of an antebellum University of Virginia,2014 .. , x `•+', plantation,displaying changes in the needs and tastes of successive • Boar's Head Intangible Qualities,prepared by 3 North for the ',4,..... owners.This eclectic landscape incorporates design features ranging in date from the early 19th century to the present.Notable among University of Virginia Foundation,2011 �`, the earlier elements are the first-period dwelling,the slave quarter, • University of Virginia Historic Preservation Framework Plan, '--` and four of its dependencies,all of which were present by ca. prepared by the University of Virginia,2007 . 1830.Agriculture and slavery built what was at this time a working • Watertower at Birdwood Pavilion,Historic American Building landscape.The outbuildings created a formal precinct around the Survey,1993 . I • dwelling while removing domestic functions from this main structure. it' The remote situation of the quarter reflected the social relation of 1 master and slave. z By the late 19th and early 20th centuries purely agricultural pursuits were giving way to the social concept of a gentleman's farm or ' s country estate.The present extension of the house,the water tower, �4111 ' } equestrian-related outbuildings,garages,and garden all date from `< ".` ' . this later period.The 20th-century transformation of Birdwood's function and physical character was part of a broader trend involving t. •- `}' t` 4 • the reclamation of Virginia's old estates in the Colonial Revival era, ,' '�`•- beginning about 1900 and reaching its climax during the period r � between World Wars I and II." % Stewardship of this historic landscape may involve a variety of site protection f strategies that are grounded in an understanding of the historic conditions rr and context of the property. : 1f IN* 1937 aerial photograph of Birdwood showing the buildings,ornamental garden areas,orchards,fields,roads,and trees BIRDWOOD LANDSCAPE SITE PROTECTION AND STEWARDSHIP STRATEGIES PLAN/PAGE 3 BIRDWOOD SITE PLAN: EXTANT HISTORIC LANDSCAPE FEATURES EXTANT HISTORIC STRUCTURES AND LANDSCAPE FEATURES '� ` + "#~ T \^ • • ae ■ Features from the William Garth Era(1819-1878) c." 7 -* .`A.,4 -+ r' _ Birdwood Pavilion,c.1819-1830 ` r `( , ♦ rt, y BEN \ } Slave Quarters,c.1819-1830 . _4 ;r.• r s ,i / _ TEs e A Ice House,c.1830 S l.r' -4- ), N yf,,: `l. 4) --��� l Northwest Storage Building,c.1830 ,'.. - tom`` a Southeast Storage Building,c 1819-1830 1 • Southwest Storage Building,c.1819-1830 / c r I r ; 7. --__ Agricultural Landscape vECErATaN - - �' ,j� �� Approach Drive with Circle near Pavilion FORMER \�. Features from the Samuel Buck-William Chamberlain Era(1879-1908)-.. �"$1 .� ,;• ( ) FIELDS J 4/ , STONE PILLARS N Agricultural Fields 1 s-.t'' 'i, r, Pavilion Addition •�� -��\ Trees in Front Lawn VEGETATION %' ye , - Allee of Trees along Approach Drive(?) Pecan Trees in Rear Lawn(7) S '. ` �IsroRlc� /� GCRICo FORMER Features from the Hollis Rinehart Era (1909-1920) AGRICULTURAL _ Ornamental Gardens �� ;_ /..,./'''''� /// f �, FIELDS \ ,• Water Tower,c.1909 • f \\\� Stone Shed,c.1909 •/ / ;, ) ` •`` Hedges near Front Portico Marble Fountain(?) I Features from the Working Landscape era(1920-1967) / l Wood Garage,c.1920 REceNr Barn,c.1925 O VEGETATION Charles Gillette Garden,c.1928(?) YY Silo,c.1930 // - ''llill \� Stone Garage,c.1940 • i GRouno /. Middleton House,c.1940 - ,' `-~. ), ! �\f % Caretaker Cottage,1945 --.1 Lake • FORMER ,'NOR7NWF T LAKE AGRICULTURAL ,STORAGE • FIELDS _ `rAMLq r HISTORIC LANDSCAPE CHARACTERISTICS / �`l V WATER e If I AG k'T TOWER '1 Cl Spatial Organization and Topography r Landscape"Rooms":Lawns,Gardens 4, , BRI IA - `-- r �. Agricultural Fields on Rolling Terrain 1" oR Development on High Ground r�i. ✓ Jf GARDENS /� j C,% 9 t ► J ‘cia. l Vegetation i t - / ti, „J t r O Hedgerows I Specimen Trees t..,; .1„. sHe � o� _�: -- _ �.`- r�^� �� _ 1 I Hedges +,% �t OUMTERS I ( _I MIwLETON ) -VEGETATION / • Shrubbery (,y �. -MOUSE - _ .-t Allees ,�Ir¢ \''�' -'- I r Fruit and Nut Trees • �c -\ Circulation IP l Ent Dme '�•r'• 00 .-" ( '• ¢ 0 Remnant Garden Paths ;�:-RECENr �' � ••->'`--' I Y� Gates and Gateways VEGETATION FORMER1t / AGRICULTURAL \//i 1./ R1 / FIELDS ATION <1 ! . t Views ♦ Along Entry Drive to and From Pavilion To and From Golf Course Into Fields . T 0-.,'`.2, ` A, To Lewis Mountain / Y1 f _` BIRDWOOD LANDSCAPE SITE PROTECTION AND STEWARDSHIP STRATEGIES PLAN/PAGE 4 BIRDWOOD LANDSCAPE MANAGEMENT ZONES MANAGEMENT ZONES - _-_a _____- _ historic �' Historic ore '�. ;•-�- - - ' The isto C retains a high level of historic integrity to the full h' t % period(c.1819 1953),with a h9 h density of contributing structures --- ,X - _- i 1 i 3- �.e-Y� - ` character defining features and high design significance.This zone contains = ?, �;' ,r fi ♦___ -,��� essential garden and landscape features and he main residential building ''► !'r:. -- �+y:;, ---- and outbuildings that exemplify the historic context for which the propertyis ♦ -- (t' f� I a I ��� ! f./ )i'J\ significant.Creating the major entrance axis and located on high ground,it "/ --- r/ ♦ --- �� is the most visually prominent portion of the landscape.Although it contains r � i /, , --�-, an assemblage of features that date to several of the historic periods,it also / - ' //// r i /1 contains the oldest collection of buildings and landscape features on the /i ..'N: ;�;� j,� \ v property.It is likely that historic features,or evidence of historic features, remain hidden below the surface of the ground.Changes to the landscape I i > r c-' `" within this zone must be undertaken with great sensitivity and appropriate '1i -♦ r r study. ii;i �,---.-.� ♦ I , __-_ __ '�-,, '- + The Outer Precinct retains a moderate density of character-defining �a I i / ♦ I i I �. ' r I features and is most significant for its vernacular design.It exemplifies the F r"/' - ./ i' ;,' 1 i'-- `� __-_-._-____ I I working portion of the"gentleman's farm"with outbuildings,fences,and farm !/" ;♦;♦; f f % r ,r �,;\-_ -` , lanes.Clustered buildings outside—but within sight—of the Birdwood pavilion I I I © e f lI t r —;=' help shape the agricultural landscape that complements the designed f / ' : j'•., ! — landscaped within the Historic Core.The historic features remaining in this 1 /, I I i i ♦ ♦ ♦ 1 zone were constructed at the late end of the period of significance.It is likely It ti �',,j ) r that historic features,or evidence of historic features,remain hidden below ij r ♦ '♦ I 1 i i ° the surface of the ground.The Outer Precinct contains the topographic edge 1 i t 1 i ♦ i% \ Y I \ of the high ground that forms the Historic Core;while not as prominent as the ! ,; r 1;` I Historic Core,the Outer Precinct is still easily visible from surrounding areas. rSi' �'\ - , ., ' t.,r The landscape within this zone is moderately sensitive to change.Plans for l ' ♦ ;/' / .0 . ; I %I this zone should be undertaken in a manner that mitigates any visual impacts r ;'` r n I , ' , , on the Historic Core and generally respects the agricultural heritage of the ♦ i ;� I, 'Q`• �I t' . j landscape. / ♦ I p Ur , " ♦ '/ v'`� `. it_ Together,the Historic Core and Outer Precinct encompass the land identified s ,/, i /j,` -,`:v �� �� -� _4;' as the National Register property. t)c 1 I N` i r - - - , The Former Agricultural Landscape retains a lower level of integrity,with / '; / I;�� `.. ,r'r ; I I , r , /l" a lower density of character defining features and lower design significance. / /,° `` f rr ; i J 111 1 I Trees have overgrown portions of the agricultural fields during the last half I, ++��/ �` , �J i I . ,, P ..___ of the twentieth century,which has affected the spatial and scenic quality of t ;-= ;--- �s•..Q �I`rf y�� i ,i i some of the former agricultural landscape.By contrast,the golf course,with • c ;‘) ` . �I , '♦" „ / ' its rolling topography and open character,has helped preserve a sense of - r I the scenic character of the former farm The landscape within this zone has a `. `. �• - -- / ✓/ lower sensitivity to change.Any proposals for this zone should be undertaken ;' ----------- -- '. `� I r with consideration for visibility from the Historic Core and surrounding areas - ` . and for the historically open character of theagricultural land ^� i i shape.. , �., BIRDWOOD LANDSCAPE SITE PROTECTION AND STEWARDSHIP STRATEGIES PLAN/PAGE 5 HISTORIC LANDSCAPE PROTECTION AND undertaken in such a manner that,if removed in the future,the essential may be undertaken to preserve contributing resources.The basic process STEWARDSHIP STRATEGIES form and integrity of the historic property and its environment would be includes the following possible actions,in order of priority: unimpaired. The Secretary of the Interior's Standards for the Treatment of Historic Identify:Investigations,studies and reports are critical for identifying Properties with Guidelines for Cultural Landscapes(Standards)provides the According to the Standards,"when alterations to a cultural landscape the features in a historic landscape that contribute to its significance primary guidance for the protection and stewardship of National Register- are needed to ensure its continued use,it is most important that such and to its historic character.Research and field documentation also help listed landscapes.Two treatment approaches outlined in the Standards alterations do not radically change,obscure,or destroy character-defining determine the condition of the property and its individual features. are particularly appropriate for the Birdwood landscape:preservation and spatial relationships and land patterns,or features and materials...if,after a • Retain and preserve:Retaining and preserving character-defining rehabilitation.Preservation focuses on achieving stabilization,repair,and thorough evaluation of alternative solutions,a new addition is still judged to features are a priority for historic landscape stewardship and are critical maintenance of historic features and systems.Rehabilitation provides a be the only viable alternative,it should be planned,designed,and installed for maintaining the integrity of the property. framework for enhanced repairs,alterations,or additions that make new uses to be clearly differentiated from the character-defining features so that these Protect and maintain:These actions describe the measures that compatible with the historic landscape,while preserving the historic character features are not radically changed,obscured,damaged,or destroyed." should be undertaken to protect and maintain the identified character- for which the property is significant. defining features.Short-and long-term maintenance of historic features The goal of stewardship at the Birdwood property is to manage change can mitigate the need for costly repairs and replacements,and should In general,the standards for rehabilitation provide a strong foundation for within the landscape in a way that preserves historic character and be accomplished in a manner that is sensitive to historic materials and all repair,maintenance,and new design within the Birdwood landscape. character-defining features while permitting new uses,alterations,and workmanship. According to the Standards: additions that may be required in the future.Stewardship of the landscape ' Repair:When character-defining features are in poor condition,repair is is proposed through a rehabilitation framework that incorporates principles recommended.Repair of historic features should be accomplished with • A property will be used as it was historically or will be given a new use of sustainability and accessibility,in cases where small modifications to the sensitivity to the character,materials,and workmanship of the original that requires minimal change to its distinctive materials,features,spaces, landscape conditions or proposed maintenance activities can support these and undertaken by tradespeople experienced with historic features and and spatial relationships. principles while also supporting the integrity of the historic landscape. fabric. • The historic character of a property will be retained and preserved.The Replace:If a feature's condition is too poor to repair,then replacement, removal of distinctive materials or alteration of features,spaces,and Stewardship focuses on the retention,maintenance,and repair of historic usually in-kind,is recommended. spatial relationships that characterize a property will be avoided. features and the preservation of overall landscape patterns and relationships Compatible alterations and additions:Alterations may be required • Each property will be recognized as a physical record of its time,place, that characterize the design.These patterns and relationships include the for a historic feature or property in order to ensure its continued use; and use. primary spatial organization of the building clusters;the organization of alterations to a historic feature often include modifications to support • Changes that create a false sense of historical development,such as major circulation features and vegetation;the topography;and the views. accessibility or enhanced sustainability.Additions in the landscape adding conjectural features or elements from other historic properties,will Rehabilitation will also protect the general aesthetic character of the property may be required to provide new functions or uses of the property.New not be undertaken. as it was designed during the period of significance. additions must be undertaken to ensure their compatibility with the • Changes to a property that have acquired historic significance in their character of the historic landscape. own right will be retained and preserved. OTHER TECHNICAL RESOURCES • Distinctive materials,features,finishes,and construction techniques or STEWARDSHIP GUIDELINES AND examples of craftsmanship that characterize a property will be preserved. See the National Park Service Technical Preservation Services website for RECOMMENDATIONS • Deteriorated historic features will be repaired rather than replaced. more information.(http://www.nps.gov/tps/index.htm)including information Where the severity of deterioration requires replacement of a distinctive on cultural landscapes(http://www.nps.gov/tps/how-to-preserve/cultural- See the following page for itemized guidelines and recommendations, feature,the new feature will match the old in design,color,texture,and, landscapes.htm).Also refer to the National Center for Preservation organized by stewardship activities,feature type,and cultural landscape where possible,materials.Replacement of missing features will be Technology and Training(NCPTT at http://ncptt.nps.gov/)for technical zones.Guidelines and recommendations create a possible framework for substantiated bydocumentaryand physical evidence. resources and the Heritage Documentation Programs website(http://www. P Y managing the evolution of the historic landscape,which may result from a • Chemical or physical treatments,if appropriate,will be undertaken using cr.nps.gov/hdp/standards/index.htm)for information on the documentation of range of processes such as aging vegetation,the deterioration of historic the gentlest means possible.Treatments that cause damage to historic historic buildings and landscapes,such as the Historic American Landscape materials,simple weathering,or more substantial change such as the materials will not be used. Survey. addition of buildings and other facilities to support new uses. • Archaeological resources will be protected and preserved in place. If such resources must be disturbed,mitigation measures will be APPROPRIATE STEWARDSHIP ACTIVITIES Guidelines describe how to accomplish necessary changes in the landscape undertaken. without compromising its historic character.The guidelines are intended • New additions,exterior alterations,or related new construction will Landscape stewardship recommendations are intended to(1)preserve the to complement the suggested recommendations and to provide a general not destroy historic materials,features,and spatial relationships that character defining features of the property that convey its significance as a method for landscape preservation without prescribing a specific agenda characterize the property.The new work will be differentiated from the designed and vernacular landscape;(2)provide viable approaches for future of activities.The following guidelines and recommendations are offered for old and will be compatible with the historic materials,features,size,scale management and maintenance of the property,and(3)enable necessary consideration: and proportion,and massing to protect the integrity of the property and its design updates without compromising the integrity of the historic design. environment. These recommendations are intended to be part of the long-term planning for • New additions and adjacent or related new construction will be the historic landscape.Stewardship recommendations identify actions that BIRDWOOD LANDSCAPE SITE PROTECTION AND STEWARDSHIP STRATEGIES PLAN/PAGE 6 GUIDELINES AND RECOMMENDATIONS FEATURE TYPE ZONE Undertake a historic structures report for the property,including condition assessments for buildings and structures;or a Historic American Building Survey Buildings and Structures All (HABS),especially for any buildings planned for removal Undertake a cultural landscape report for the historic property,including condition assessments for landscape features;or a Historic American Landscape Landscape All Survey(HALS),especially for any landscape areas planned for removal Undertake detailed research to confirm if the Charles Gillette garden design was implemented/support archival research with archaeology as necessary Landscape Historic Core Maintain a"record of treatment"for all landscape management activities Landscape All Undertake Phase 1 archaeological investigations to identify undocumented features or activities on the property Archaeology Historic Core and Outer Precinct Undertake detailed Phase 2 archaeological investigations for high value locations _Archaeology Historic Core and Outer Precinct Undertake archaeological investigations before commencing any major ground-disturbing activities Archaeology Historic Core and Outer Precinct Update the tree inventory with tree condition assessments Vegetation Historic Core and Outer Precinct Develop a removal plan for hazardous trees and trees in poor condition,using the services of a certified arborist experienced with historic trees and gardens Vegetation Historic Core and Outer Precinct /before removal,document all historic features with photographs and on plans Undertake a viewshed protection plan for the property to document critical historic views and establish methods for protecting them Views Former Agricultural Landscape and beyond Retain and . Undertake all preservation work in compliance with the Standards whenever possible Landscape All Preserve the character of the historic designed landscape by protecting individual elements as well as the overall landscape Landscape All Base all preservation on historic documentation whenever possible Landscape All Preserve historic buildings and structures Buildings and Structures Historic Core and Outer Precinct Minimize destructive activities such as excavation Archaeology Historic Core and Outer Precinct Preserve the spatial relationships of the historic buildings and structures in the landscape Spatial Organization Historic Core and Outer Precinct Preserve general historic vegetation patterns of the property Vegetation All Preserve character-defining trees,shrubs,and hedges,with certain exceptions listed below Vegetation Historic Core and Outer Precinct Preserve character-defining lawn areas Vegetation Historic Core and Outer Precinct Preserve the general topographic configuration of the landscape Topography All Preserve historic circulation features and systems Circulation Historic Core and Outer Precinct Retain the historic alignment and width of the historic roads Circulation Historic Core and Outer Precinct Preserve character-defining small-scale features in the landscape Small-scale Features Historic Core and Outer Precinct Complete mothballing the unused historic buildings according to the 2014 Birdwood Mothball Report Buildings and Structures Historic Core and Outer Precinct Minimize trenching or digging and minimize ground disturbance near historic resources Landscape Historic Core and Outer Precinct If soil disturbance is required to improve drainage or for other subsurface interventions,minimize the negative effects on adjacent historic features such as Landscape Historic Core trees by using hand digging or other methods that reduce impacts to these features Engage a qualified professional to develop a historic landscape maintenance plan for the detailed stewardship of historic landscape features once the Landscape Historic Core and Outer Precinct rehabilitation of the landscape has commenced Monitor tree health/follow tree maintenance recommendations developed by certified arborists to protect the long-term health of mature trees Vegetation Historic Core and Outer Precinct BIRDWOOD LANDSCAPE SITE PROTECTION AND STEWARDSHIP STRATEGIES PLAN/PAGE 7 GUIDELINES AND RECOMMENDATIONS FEATURE TYPE ZONE Consider new maintenance practices for mature trees in fair or poor condition;revise pruning regimens or other horticultural practices based on best Vegetation Historic Core and Outer Precinct arboriculture management to upgrade the condition of these trees Remove any invasive vegetation using ecologically sound removal practices that minimize ground disturbance and will not damage other resources Vegetation All Renovate and maintain lawn areas as needed,using sound horticultural practices to create a healthy lawn/consider options such as core aeration,thatching, Vegetation Historic Core or weed control Consider removing or pruning trees and other vegetation that abut and potentially damage the historic buildings through falling limbs,biological growth or Vegetation Historic Core and Outer Precinct excessive shade and moisture Continue to clip hedges to maintain their form/replace missing hedge shrubs in-kind to fill gaps not associated with circulation or views Vegetation Historic Core and Outer Precinct Consider salvaging the small-scale garden features such as the marble fountain,mounting block,and statuary(if documented to be historic),and store these Small-scale Features Historic Core features in a protected location until they can be repaired and restored to their original location in the landscape Repair stone structures throughout the landscape,such as the stone entrance walls and pillars/repoint the mortar as necessary,matching the historic/ Buildings and Structures Historic Core and Outer Precinct rebuild these features if necessary to ensure they are structurally sound Clear the building's foundation of debris and other materials or water that may accumulate through soil displacement or water collection Buildings and Structures Historic Core Remove debris and trash if it accumulates in landscape areas Landscape All Match existing historic materials during replacement,duplication,or repair to the extent possible Landscape Historic Core and Outer Precinct Remove climbing vines and other invasive vegetation from buildings,structures,and trees Vegetation Historic Core and Outer Precinct Repair locations exhibiting soil erosion by controlling storm water Topography All Consider adding drainage improvements or soil stabilization in areas where erosion is a problem using materials and methods that do not damage the historic Topography All character of the landscape Repair roads and walkways that are in poor condition/when the number of repairs and patches on a particular walkway negatively affects the character of the Circulation Historic Core and Outer Precinct feature,replace the material altogether with new material that matches the existing material in its historic location Repair asphalt paving determined to be in poor condition/undertake repairs or replacement in larger sections to avoid unsightly spot patching Circulation Historic Core and Outer Precinct Repair the marble fountain and re-place it in its historical location/reconstruct missing components of the fountain if necessary Small-scale Features Historic Core Repair culverts and drainages to maintain proper drainage and reduce erosion Small-scale Features All Repair handrails and guard rails at the buildings or replace if necessary with historically appropriate railings meeting current safety codes Small-scale Features Historic Core and Outer Precinct Repair fences,using materials similar to the historic materials/clear invasive or weedy vegetation from fence lines Small-scale Features Historic Core and Outer Precinct Repair iron gates and re-place in their historic location Small-scale Features Historic Core Consider replacing the wood garage in-kind if it is deemed unrepairable Buildings and Structures Outer Precinct Remove hazardous trees,using a method that minimizes potential impacts on known cultural landscape resources,under the guidance of a historical Vegetation All landscape architect and/or an archaeologist/replace removed trees in-kind,with certain exceptions identified below When replacing character-defining vegetation,attempt to match the species or cultivars currently on the site,or consider using native species or drought Vegetation Historic Core and Outer Precinct resistant species with similar characteristics to the missing historic plants Replace over-mature,misshapen boxwoods in-kind Vegetation Historic Core and Outer Precinct Replace black plastic downspout pipes currently draining into lawn areas with functional drainage systems that are compatible with the historic character of Small-scale Features Historic Core the property Consider reconstructing the missing iron gates at the stone pillars Small-scale Features Historic Core Consider replacing the name signs on the stone entrance walls Small-scale Features Historic Core Consider replacing the top stone on the mounting block located north of the pavilion Small-scale Features Historic Core BIRDWOOD LANDSCAPE SITE PROTECTION AND STEWARDSHIP STRATEGIES PLAN/PAGE 8 GUIDELINES AND RECOMMENDATIONS FEATURE TYPE ZONE Consider removing the accumulated layers of asphalt paving during replacement to re-establish the historic grades of the roads and to promote positive Circulation Historic Core and Outer Precinct drainage off the roads and away from historic buildings Compatible Alterations and Additions .... Minimize new additions or modifications to historic buildings and structures Buildings and Structures Historic Core and Outer Precinct Plan for any required additions or modifications to the historic building and structures in consultation with preservation specialists and in a manner that is Buildings and Structures Historic Core and Outer Precinct compatible with the historic character and scale of the features If additional buildings or structures are required,consider placing them outside the Historic Core Buildings and Structures Outer Precinct and Former Agricultural Area Undertake accessibility improvements to building exteriors if required,using a palette of materials and design that is compatible with the historic character of Buildings and Structures Historic Core and Outer Precinct the building and site Consider removing the asphalt play court Buildings and Structures Outer Precinct If a new building or other facilities are required,mitigate their appearance by placing them in low areas out of sight from the Birdwood pavilion and its Views Outer Precinct and Former environs,screening them with appropriate vegetation that is compatible with the character of historic vegetation,and/or screening them with topographic Agricultural Area modifications that are compatible with the historic condition Plan any future use of the historic buildings and landscape to be compatible with the historic context and character of the property Landscape Historic Core and Outer Precinct When adding new features,carefully consider the potential impact of the development on the patterns of spatial organization and the cultural landscape, Landscape All natural features and systems,health of the environment,and historic character of the site as a whole/new or altered facilities should be as unobtrusive as possible while allowing for utility,accessibility,and safety Consider restoring ornamental gardens/restore the Gillette plan if it can be established that the plan was implemented historically/or,implement the Gillette Landscape Historic Core design as a new garden Install new plants in areas of known or sensitive cultural resources using minimally damaging planting techniques/recommended techniques include Vegetation Historic Core and Outer Precinct minimizing ground disturbance by installing small plants and saplings when possible and installing plants by hand Consider removing the two southern magnolias located on the north side of the Birdwood pavilion and water tower in order to re-establish the historic view to Vegetation Historic Core and from these buildings Develop a historically appropriate planting palette for garden and landscape areas based on known historic conditions Vegetation Historic Core and Outer Precinct Avoid adding new trees within the Historic Core unless undertaking a tree replacement plan Vegetation Historic Core If necessary in the future,design new pathways or other pedestrian circulation systems that are compatible in character with the historic circulation systems/ Circulation Historic Core and Outer Precinct construct new paths to meet Americans with Disabilities Act Accessibility Guidelines standards for accessibility Minimize the addition of new roads and other paved areas near the pavilion Circulation Historic Core Minimize the introduction of visually obtrusive new interventions within paved vehicular areas,such as brightly painted curbs,bollards,or ramps/attempt to Circulation Historic Core and Outer Precinct resolve safety requirements with features that have a minimal visual impact on the historic landscape Consider using historic materials,such as buried brick pavers,for new landscape design elements Circulation Historic Core and Outer Precinct If grade changes are required,attempt to resolve grading through fill rather than cut to protect original topography and any potential subsurface features Topography Historic Core and Outer Precinct Screen undesirable views from the property or views of new features through the use of vegetation or topography/ensure that new screening vegetation or Views Outer Precinct and Former topography is compatible with the historic character of the property Agricultural Area Consider removing new small-scale features such as the Edgewater lights and replacing them with compatible features if required Small-scale Features Historic Core Minimize the addition of new small-scale features to the landscape,and ensure that new features are compatible with the site's historic character Small-scale Features Historic Core and Outer Precinct If new utilities,storm water management features,or other site systems are required for the property in the future,consider placing them below ground in Small-scale Features Historic Core and Outer Precinct previously-disturbed areas(for example,under asphalt pavement)to minimize their appearance Develop a historically appropriate palette of site furnishings and lights for landscape areas Small-scale Features Historic Core and Outer Precinct Undertake archaeological monitoring during construction activities to protect undocumented features encountered during excavation Archaeology All PaRDWOOD LANDSCAPE SITE PROTECTION AND STEWARDSHIP STRATEGIES PLAN/PAGE 9 I— ,) NOTES ON CHARLES GILLETTE Charles Freeman Gillette(1886-1969)was a pioneer of American garden design.He first practiced landscape architecture as an apprentice in the office of Warren Manning.Overseeing the construction of the of ice's campus plan for the University of Richmond in 1913 brought Gillette to Virginia,where he eventually established a practice and resided for the rest of his life. Gillette had a prolific 56-year career that generated over 2,500 projects. . Designing for a wide variety of clients such as churches,hospitals, r 1 campuses,and private residences,Gillette had a remarkably eclectic style. 1 European travels influenced his formal designs,which were often blended t L . with Colonial Revival,pastoral and even modernist themes.He practiced throughout Virginia and North Carolina.A small sampling of his regional work r i , ,..: r' tom' includes landscape designs for: I 1 ( ,.-I I ' Virginia House,Richmond L._ _ ' Tuckahoe Plantation,Richmond Altria Headquarters,Richmond w -'Z r�+�++}+ Agecroft Hall,Richmond 1 `'� '} r ' Executive Mansion,Richmond { if (}I ' Kenmore,Fredericksburg [ 44 ' Midway,near Charlottesville -• f . :I—. EwAlthough Gillette created a plan for the Birdwood property,it is unclear if the 1 design was ever implemented. t Lis.,``l t!• ,�.+r '° ` tac +ate 4 • X ""- j , .1 GLJPJt7 i . , r Ira ' emetic •__ k t/�> t no tau ' ':7 . - - 40.0. ; qy . ilk., .4 C= ,:: .,..I - ' 4. c y . •, yr7- il. ; t, '-'yam' {`` - . . •.. Comparison photograph showing a similar eclectic style at Agecroft Hall "A Presentation Plan for'Birdwoods'[sic]Miss M.G.McCleery, Charlottesville VA"dated 1928 by Charles Gillette gardens,designed by Charles Gillette BIRDWOOD LANDSCAPE SITE PROTECTION AND STEWARDSHIP STRATEGIES PLAN/PAGE 10