HomeMy WebLinkAboutZMA200400024 Code of Development 2005-09-12
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9/1212005
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OLD TRAIL
VILLAGE
ZMA-04-024
REZONING APPLICATION
&
CODE OF DEVELOPMENT
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6 E I GifT S
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Beights Development Corporation
September 12, 2005
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. Introduction
II. Summary of Land Use - Existing and Proposed
III. Comparison with Crozet Master Plan
IV. Code of Development
V. Architectural and Landscape Standards
VI. Appendices
List of Tables
Table 1: Crozet Master Plan Place Types and Design Guidelines
Table 2: Crozet Master Plan Land Uses
Table 2A: Open Space
Table 3: Street Specifications
Tab-Ie 4: Land Uses Allowed
Table 5: Density and Floor Area Ranges
Table 5A: Maximum Units by Unit Type
Table 6: Zoning Regulations
Table 6A: Spatial Enclosure and Building Height Regulations
for CT5 and CT4
Table 6B: Spatial Enclosure and Building Height Regulations
for CT3
Table 7: Minimum Setbacks
Table 8: Architectural and Landscape Standards
Table 9: Architectural Standards by Style
List of Figures
Figure 1: Regional Context Map
Figure 2: Zoning Parcel Map
Figure 3: Crozet Master Plan Build-Out Comparison
Figure 4: General Development Plan
Figure 5: General Block Plan
Figure 6: Setback Schematic
Figure 7: Building Disposition
ZMA-04-024
Old Trail Village
9/12/2005
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01.0 TRAIL
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9/12/2005
L INTRODUCTION
Beights Development Corporation (Applicant), development manager for
March Mountain Properties, LLC, owner of property located in Albemarle
County north of U.S. Route 250 and generally west of Route 240 (see
figure 1: Regional Context Map),
seeks a rezoning of its property to be
known as Old Trail Village, from
various existing land uses to
Neighborhood Model District (NMD).
Old Trail Village is formed directly
from the principles of the Crozet
Master Plan, adopted by Albemarle
County in December 2004. It will
consist of a mixed-use community
that embraces both vehicular and
pedestrian uses, prioritizes
environmen tal sensitivity,
incorporates the rich architectural
heritage of the area, and produces an
outstanding place in which to live,
work and play in Albemarle County.
It is the goal of the Applicant to ensure a quality community through
rezoning of the property using the standards of the Neighborhood Model
detailed herein.
ZMA-04-024
Old Trail Village
-3
OI.D TRAIL
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9/14/2005
II. SUMMARY OF LAND USE - EXISTING
AND PROPOSED
EXISTING
The land involved in this application consists of a portion of the vacant
property known as Tax Map and Parcel Number 55E-I-AI. This parcel is
identified on figure 2: Zoning Parcel Map and the boundaries are
specifically delineated in the General Development Plan.
PROPOSED
This application proposes to rezone approximately 237 acres of the parcel
described above to Neighborhood Model District (NMD), per the
regulations contained in Section18-20A of the Albemarle County Code.
The proposed NMD will implement the transect districts conceptualized
in the Crozet Master Plan. A Village Center is proposed at the heart of
the development where the highest density will occur. The majority of
commercial businesses ~~~ . ':.~ .:~f-
wi thin t?e villa~e will be'" , .~~""'P'
located In the VIllage Center, ~~ . .~..
providing services and
employment opportunities
for residents. As distance
increases from the Village
Center, density of
development will decrease
with the least dense, single-
family residences located at
the perimeter of the
development area.
ZMA-04-024
Old Trail Village
-5
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A network of pedestrian trails and sidewalks throughout Old Trail Village
will enable pedestrians and cyclists to readily travel anywhere within the
community without relying solely
on an automobile. The Village
has been designed so that
pedestrian travel to the Village
Center from the most remote
points in the community should
not exceed approximately 15
minutes.
Architectural styles and
landscaping techniques will be
utilized which complement the
natural beauty of the site and
enhance the livability of the Village. Parks and open spaces will be
preserved throughout the development area to provide recreational
opportunities and enhance the scenic views.
ZMA-04-024
Old Trail Village
7
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9/14/2005
III. COMPARISON WITH CROZET MASTER
PLAN
The Crozet Master Plan, adopted by Albemarle County in December 2004
established a foundation for the future development of the town of
Crozet, located in western Albemarle County. A livable urban community
was envisioned, consisting of vibrant commercial centers, accessible to
surrounding residential developments, permeated by scenic parks and
recreational opportunities. The Crozet Master Plan promotes the
implementation of the twelve principles of the Neighborhood Model, as
depicted in Section 19-20A of the Albemarle County Code. The specific
design constraints and land uses recommended by the Crozet Master
Plan are tabulated in Table 1: Crozet Master Plan Place Types and
Design Guidelines and Table 2: Crozet Master Plan Land Uses. Old Trail
Village is intended to embody the twelve principles of the Neighborhood
Model and to implement the Crozet Master Plan, as shown on Figure 3:
Crozet Master Plan Build-out Comparison. This figure shows the land
uses recommended by the Crozet Master Plan in relation to those
proposed with this application.
The Neighborhood Model employs the concept of transect zones which
provide neighborhood cross-sections showing a continuum of uses. The
highest activity and density is contained in the center with reductions in
density and non-residential development incrementally diminishing as
distance is increased from the village center. The Crozet Master Plan
builds on this concept, laying out a plan for development illustrated by
the use of transect zones. For purposes of comparing Old Trail Village to
the Crozet Master Plan, blocks can be roughly categorized into the
transect zones described in the Crozet Master Plan, as follows:
Crozet Master Plan Designation
CT-5 Urban Center
CT-4 Urban General
CT-3 Urban Edge
Old Trail Village Block Numbers
1-7
10-18, 20-23, 26-29, 32
19,24,25,30,31,33-35
Note: Blocks 8 and 9 are not used in this Rezoning Application and
General Development Plan.
ZMA-04-024
Old Trail Village
8
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9/12/2005
Table 1: Crozet Master Plan Place Types and Design
Guidelines
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Transect Zone
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land Use
Relationships
Net
Residential
Density
lot Area &
Coverage
Block
Dimensions
Range of
Building
Hei hts
Building
Height/Street
Ratio
Tree Canopy
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lot Type
See Table 6
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Frontage
Type
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A focal point with a mix of
uses, residential types and
amenities. Nearby residential
densities are sufficient to
support some of these
activities, however its market
area may extend beyond the
1/4 mile radius
20% (+/-) of the total
neighborhood area.
6 units/acre. Up to 18
units/acre @ townhouse,
apartment and residential
mixed use blocks.
1S00 SF minimum, 80%
maximum lot coverage
250-500'; Maximum perimeter
= 2000' (600' block length
permitted along Old Trail
Drive
2-4 stories from main entry at
street level
Maximum ratio = 1 :2;
Minimum ratio = 1:4
When spatial enclosure falls
below 1 :3, enclosure by tree
canopy is 1:2 except @ retail
establishments
Cottage, duplex, townhouse,
sales/service assoc. w/
principal use, multifamily lots,
some commercial lots.
Shop, Arcade, Dooryard and
Stoop, Porch and Fence.
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Supports center with a variety
of residential types and some
mixture of uses.
30-S0% of the total
Neighborhood area.
4.5-6.0 units/acre. Up to 8.S
units /acre if accessory
apartments added for 2S% of
residential stock.) Up to 12-18
units/acre @ townhouse,
apartment & residential mixed
use blocks.
2S00 SF average, 60%
maximum lot coverage
2S0-600'; Maximum perimeter
= 2400'
1.S-3.0 stories from main entry
at street level
Maximum ratio - 1 :2;
Minimum ratio = 1:4
When spatial enclosure falls
below 1 :3, enclosure by tree
canopy is 1:2 except @ retail
establishments
Village, cottage, duplex, retail,
townhouse, and sales/service
assoc. with principal use.
Arcade, Dooryard, Porch and
Fence.
Side Setbacks 0-1S'maximum. S-20' ma~imum.
Source: Crozet Master Plan - A/bemarle County adopted December 1, 2004
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ZMA-04-024
Old Trail Village
Ed e CT3
Supports center with
predominately residential
uses, especially single family
detached.
30-S0% of the total
Neighborhood area.
3.S-4.S units/acre
(6.Sunits/acre if accesory
apartments added for SO% of
residential stock.)
10,000 SF average, 40%
maximum lot coverage
2S0-7S0'; Maximum perimeter
= 3000'
1-2.S stories from main entry
at street level (2.S - 3 stories
by exception)
Maximum ratio = 1 :4;
Minimum ratio = 1:6
Spatial enclosure by canopy at
least 1:3
Primarily cottage, village, and
estate lots.
Common Lawn (@
thoroughfares with high design
speeds), Porch and Fence.
S-30'maximum.
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Transect Zone
Description
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Residential
Building Type
Lodging
Office
Retail Services
Civic & Civil
Support
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Education
Automotive,
Industrial &
Other
Agriculture
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Parks & Open
Space
Table 2: Crozet Master Plan Land Uses
9/12/2005
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Open. All attached, detached
and mixed use residential (w/
accessory dwellings), hotels,
corporate and neighborhood
offices, shop front stores. All
civic uses permitted except
with some restrictions on
grade schools.
Apartments, townhouse,
Duplex, House, Accessory
unit, sales/ service assoc. w/
principal use
Hotel w/ no room limit, school
dormitory
Office building, Commercial
first floor w/apartments over.
Grocery, Small retail building
and first floor retail w/
residential over (Le., corner
store), Display gallery,
Restaurant, Kiosk, Push Cart
Live theater, Small movie
theater, religious assembly,
library, outdoor auditorium,
playground, fountain or Public
art, parking structure, Bus
shelter, Fire station, Police
station, Medical/small animal
vet clinic. PublicJprivate
health & recreation
School, Child-care center
Gasoline station, Drive
through facility by exception
N/A
Greenway (as a terminus),
Commons, Square (where
commercial character is on
ground floor), Green, Plaza
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Limited. Houses, row
houses, accessory units, bed
& breakfasts, inns, home
offices on 1st floors and
ancillary buildings, child care,
coffee houses, neighborhood
convenience stores @
corners. Home, artist &
craftsman workshops, bicycle
and furniture re air.
Apartment building, Row
house, Duplex, Cottage,
House, Accessory unit,
sales/service assoc. w/
rinci al use
Hotel up to 12 rooms, school
dormitory
Office building, Home office,
Commercial first floor w/
residential over.
Grocery, Small retail building
and first floor retail w/
residential over (Le., corner
store), Display gallery,
Restaurant, Kiosk
Library, Playground, Fountain
or Public art, Bus shelter, Fire
station, Police station.
School, Child-care center
Gasoline station, Drive
through facility by exception
N/A
Greenway, Commons.
Elementary School Yard,
Square (where primarily
residential), Green, Pocket
Park, E ebrow
Source: Crozet Master Plan - A/bemarle County adopted December 1, 2004
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ZMA-04-024
Old Trail Village
Ed e CT3
Restricted use. Detached
houses w/ ancillary dwellings,
guest cottages in ancillary
buildings, home offices in
ancillary structures, corner
stores on 1 st floors @ corners
(one store/300 d.u.) Schools
are encouraged.
Residential House, Accessory
unit, sales/service assoc. w/
principal use.
Hotel up to 12 rooms
Home office
Small retail building and first
floor retail w/ residential over
(Le., corner store)
Outdoor auditorium,
Playground, Fountain or
Public art, Bus shelter, Fire
station
Child-care center
N/A
Greenhouse, Stable & Kennel
by exception
Greenway, Greenbelt,
Elementary & Middle School
Yards, High School Yards,
Health or Meadow, Pocket
Park, E ebrow, Close
10
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9/12/2005
The Guiding Principles of the Crozet Master Plan have been embraced
and tailored to this application as follows:
OLD TRAIL VILLAGE GUIDING PRINCIPLES OF DEVELOPMENT
1. Build Old Trail Village as a distinct village with its own center in
accordance with the Neighborhood Model growth pattern.
2. Provide links to outlying communities, including schools, through
an interconnected trail and path
system allowing alternative
transportation choices.
3. Provide diversity and
afford ability by offering at least
six different types of housing in
Old Trail Village, all of which
may be found integrated within
the block network.
4. Provide business opportunities
for locally grown business to
locate and operate in Old Trail
Village.
5. Protect and enhance the natural
resources, particularly along the
Lickinghole and Slabtown
watershed tributaries by
providing linear parks and
buffers from development.
6. Encourage a sense of community by promoting activities,
businesses, and resident interests within the Old Trail Village
Center itself as well as the many open air gathering places located
throughout the Village (i.e. parks, pocket-parks, building
courtyards and grounds in front of the golf club house).
ZMA-04-024
Old Trail Village
J.1
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9/12/2005
The Crozet Master Plan lays out recommendations for Crozet-West. Of
the eleven recommendations listed, this application proposes to
implement the following five:
1. Provide a mixed use development in the center of the western area
of Crozet.
2. Protect Route 250 from commercial strip development by
designating the property along the road as edge development.
3. Construct Western Avenue. This application has renamed this
street, "Old Trail Drive," which will provide the much needed
north-south access recommended by the Plan and is currently
under construction.
4. Provide an opportunity for an additional access point to Route 240
through the dedication of right-of-way to the property line at the
most appropriate connecting location.
5. Provide a Western Park with public/private collaboration.
The funding and construction of significant capital improvements are
included in this application as follows:
1. Western Park: Land, as shown in the General Development Plan
shall be dedicated to the County for development of Western Park.
Cash proffers shall be provided for the park's planning and
development. The proffers for Old Trail Village contain the details
regarding the land conveyance and funding.
2. Neighborhood Parks: Various parks and public spaces shall be
provided throughout the Village to maximize the enjoyment of
those living and working there.
3. Western Avenue: This main thoroughfare through the
development area has been renamed Old Trail Drive and is
currently under construction by the applicant. This street will
provide a north-south connection between Jarman's Gap Road and
Route 250. Not only will this provide relief to the current traffic
issues on Jarman's Gap Road, but it will also provide access to the
vibrant commercial core of Old Trail Village, for the public.
As a result of the direct implementation'of the Crozet Master Plan, Old
Trail Village will maintain the natural scenic character of the site and
promote development that respects and enhances the natural
environment. Figure 4: Conceptual Development Plan shows a likely
scenario for the development of Old Trail Village based on this rezoning
request.
ZMA-04-024
Old Trail Village
1-3
OI.D THAll.
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Old Trail Center Zone CTS
Design Elements:
Mixed-Use Blocks
5 treetsca pe
Parking
Parks
Plazas
Enlarged 3-Dimensional Depiction of Boxed Area
Rowhouses fronting on a public street.
Rowhouses fronting on a grass mall.
Relegated parking with shade trees.
Street trees in planting strips (minimum
6' wide) one block away from mixed-use
blocks @ core.
Town or rowhouses
on same block as detached single
"I ' family houses.
,-
Courtyard/Plaza (hard surface or lawn.)
Parking relegated to the rear of buildings
in the center of blocks.
Residential uses above first floor level
commercial/retail space.
Hard surface sidewalks, 10'-15' wide.
Street trees (uniform species) in planters.
On-street Parking.
Plaza (hard surface or lawn.)
Town or rowhouses
opposite mixed-use blocks.
Plantings in round-abouts.
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Old Trail General Zone (T4
Design Elements:
Mixed-Residential Blocks
Streetscape
Parking
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Street trees in planting strips (min. 6')
Hard surface sidewalks, 5'wide.
- Alley-fed access to rear garages
Pocket park
Townhouses fronting public street
opposite detached single family houses.
Relegated parking with shade trees.
Parking relegated to the rear of buildings
in the center of blocks.
Townhouses on same block as detached
single family houses opposite a multi-plex
"carriage house:'
On-street Parking.
Street trees in planting strips (minimum
6' wide) one block away from mixed-use
blocks @ core.
Enlarged 3-Dimensional Depiction of Boxed Area
OLD TRAIl.
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9/12/2005
IV. CODE OF DEVELOPMENT
The following Code of Development establishes the design guidelines and
specific regulations for the development of Old Trail Village.
General Development Plan
Old Trail Village differs from other more conventional suburban
developments, in that it seeks to create an entire village with
opportunities for its inhabitants to live, work, conduct business, shop
and recreate. The applicant understands that the development of a
healthy, thriving town cannot be forced; instead it must be allowed to
naturally conform to meet the needs of its ever-changing population. As
economic, political and cultural climates change, Old Trail Village will
respond with appropriate evolution.
To facilitate this natural process, the General Development Plan lays out
the framework for Old Trail Village, while incorporating the flexibility
necessary to adapt to changing needs. The alignments of streets, utilities
and sidewalks shall generally conform to the layout provided on the
General Development Plan, though it is not the intent of the General
Development Plan to dictate specific street geometrics. Preliminary
grading and stormwater management plans are also provided. Minor
variations to the General Development Plan shall be permitted under
Albemarle Code Section 18-8.5.5.3, provided the aspect of development
necessitating the deviation conforms with the regulations contained
within this Code of Development.
Subject always to the requirements, terms, and provisions of the code of
Development, the Conceptual General Development Plan shows the
potential development of individual lots, buildings and parking, however
these elements of the Conceptual General Development Plan are
illustrative only. Specific development of lots, including the locations
and dimensions of buildings and parking, shall be determined on an
individual basis at the time of subdivision plat and site plan submittal
and approval for each block. The ~~ ; ~J!.f' ~, ':.
parameters for the development of ' ,:
each block are contained within the
Code of Development, ensuring the
goals of Old Trail Village are realized,
while allowing flexibility for the
community to evolve as needed when
markets and demands change.
Blocks 1-7 will comprise the Center of
Old Trail Village. Here shops,
restaurants and professional offices
will provide a range of services and
EXAMPLE OF A CENTER AREA
ZMA-04-024
Old Trail Village
17
OLD T Il " J I.
employment opportunities for residents. Multi-family residential
development will intermix with non-residential uses. Minimal setbacks
and attractive streetscapes will provide an inviting atmosphere for
pedestrians. The highest intensity among these blocks is planned for
blocks 1 and 6, where the densest
development is permitted. Block 3 allows an
athletic facility, providing recreational and
fitness opportunities, conveniently located
adjacent to Old Trail Park.
Blocks 10-18,20-23,26-29 and 32, which
comprise the General area of Old Trail
Village, will consist of a mix of residential
and non-residential development.
Businesses will be allowed to intermix with
multi-family and single family uses throughout various blocks.
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Blocks 8 and 9 are not used in the General
Development Plan.
9/14/2005
1
EXAMPLE OF A GENERAL AREA
MULTI-FAMILY
Blocks 19,24,25,30,31 and 33-35, which comprise the Edge area of
Old Trail Village, are home to the lowest level of density within the
development area. These blocks will consist primarily of single family
residences with larger setbacks than in higher density blocks.
Overall, between 1600 and 2200 residential units will be provided at Old
Trail Village. Fifteen percent (15%) of total residential units will be
constructed as affordable units. In addition, a table will be provided on
each subdivision plat and/ or site plan indicating a cumulative running
tally of affordable housing units provided to date, throughout Old Trail
Village development.
Between 100,000 and 250,000 square feet of non-residential
development is planned for the development. Retail uses shall be phased
as specified in the proffers for Old Trail Village.
Streets
The design of streets shall comply with the Virginia Department of
Transportation (VDOT) Standard Street Requirements and shall be in
general accord with the General Development Plan, subject to the minor
variations to approved street alignments allowed by zoning ordinance
section 18-8.5.5.3. Alleys and parking areas shall be determined at the
time of development of individual blocks. Typical street and alley cross
sections are provided within the General Development Plan that depict
maximum street widths. Reductions in street widths in accordance with
Neighborhood Model and Crozet Master Plan guidelines will be pursued
by the applicant but are subject to the review and approval by VDOT and
ZMA-04-024 18
Old Trail Village
OI.OTRAII.
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9/14/2005
the County Engineer. All public streets shall provide zone-appropriate
sidewalks, planting strips and/ or concrete curb and gutter in
compliance with VDOT standards. Final design of streets and alleys
shall be subject to approval by VDOT and the Albemarle County
Engineer. Table 3 lists the specifications for each street.
Parking
Specific parking arrangements shall be designed at the site plan phase of
individual developments. All parking throughout the plan area shall be
provided in accordance with Section 18.4.12 of the Albemarle County
Code.
Off-street parking shall be relegated behind front facades of buildings
and landscaping throughout the development area. Parking shall be
screened by buildings, landscaping, permanent structures or other
acceptable measures. Detached garages for single family residences and
townhouses shall be located at the rear of their lots. Garages shall be
accessed via alleys wherever possible. The garage or parking pad shall
be set behind the primary or principal line of the front fa<;ade far enough
so that cars are not out in the sidewalk. Where grades are steep a garage
may be placed in front of the house and turned sideways so that the
appearance of the building rather than the garage door dominates the
front. Parking for multi-family, commercial and mixed uses may be
located in garages beneath buildings and lots located to the rear of the
buildings they serve. Parking structures may be utilized in the village
center, as specified in Table 4. Parking lots shall not be allowed on
corner lots. Shared parking between uses with opposite operating times
shall be encouraged.
On-street parking shall be allowed throughout the development area to
reduce the demand for off-street parking, as specified in Table 3.
ZMA-04-024
Old Trail Village
19
01.0 THAll.
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Parks and Open Space
A conceptual plan for open spaces is
depicted within the General
Development Plan. These areas will
include pocket parks, meeting areas,
trails, passive and active recreational
areas. At least 20% of the area within
the site shall be devoted to green
space. Table 3A lists the various
categories of open space provided at
Old Trail Village. Residential lots shall
not be allowed within stream buffers.
9/12/2005
Approximately 42.5 acres of land,
including stream buffers, greenways
and upland areas, at the northern
portion of the development area shall
be dedicated to the County for
Western Park (also referred to as Old
Trail Park) and the Greenway areas, as designated by the Crozet Master
Plan. The boundaries of this property are delineated in the General
Development Plan. Western Park shall be developed and maintained by
the County. Proffers for Old Trail Village specify the source of funding for
these improvements. The area contained in Western Park and the
Greenway area shall be included in the total area of open space and
amenities provided at Old Trail Village.
Pocket parks shall be sited at the time of development of individual
blocks. At least three (3) pocket parks totaling at least 1.2 acres total
shall be developed throughout Old Trail Village. Pocket parks shall be
distributed throughout the development area as follows:
o At least one pocket park shall be located among blocks 10, 16 and
13.
. At least one pocket park shall be located among blocks 17, 18, 14,
15, 11, 12,20, and 21.
o At least one pocket park shall be located among blocks 26,22,27,
28, 29, and 23.
ZMA-04-024
Old Trail Village
21
OLD THAI L
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Table 2A: Open Space
9//2/2005
OPEN SPACE USE APPROXIMATE PERCENT OF
AREA (acres) TOTAL SITE
AREA
Areas to be Old Trail Park 25.0 10.5%
dedicated to (Western Park)
and
maintained by Greenway 17.5 7.4%
Albemarle Areas
County
Areas to be Pocket Parks 1.6 0.7%
owned and Passive 1.6 0.7%
maintained by Meeting Areas
the Old Trail Passive 22.8 9.6%
Village Recreational
Homeowners Areas
Association Buffers 4.6 1.9%
TOTAL 73.1 30.8%
Notes:
a) Additional open space areas may be provided within the boundaries of blocks and shall be designated
at the time of site/ subdivision plat submittal. These additional open spaces shall be owned and
maintained by the Old Trail Village Homeowners Association
b) Specific locations of passive recreational areas shall be established at the time of recordation of the
first subdivision plat for Old Trail Village. Specific locations of pocket parks, passive meeting areas
and buffers shall be established at the time of recordation plats for individual blocks.
Pedestrian Access
Pedestrian access is paramount at Old Trail
Village. All streets will include sidewalks and
trails will be provided throughout the open
space parcels. Particular emphasis will be
placed on providing adequate pedestrian
access, within the plan area, to adjacent
school sites. The General Development Plan
shows four (4) potential pedestrian points of
access to schools. The proffers for Old Trail
Village stipulates the details of the pathway
connections.
Permitted Uses
Permitted uses for each block are designated
on Table 4: Land Uses Allowed.
Table 5: Density and Floor Area Ranges lists the residential density
permitted in each block, and the range of non-residential square footage
allowed in each block.
ZMA-04-024
Old Trail Village
22
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Disposition provides a Figure 6: Setback Schematic
graphical representation
of the various building alignments permitted for residential
developments
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Development
Regulations
Limitations on lot size,
number of stories and lot
coverage are provided on
Table 6: Zoning
Regulations. Setback
regulations and build-to
lines are defined for each
block on Table 7:
Minimum Setbacks. A
Schematic drawing of
setbacks and build-to
lines is shown on Figure
6: Setback Schematic.
Minimum required
setbacks shall be shown
on the recorded plat for
each individual
development.
9/12/2005
.
PRfVA TE ALLEY
- - - - ----- -- -- - . -- -
"c"
r---- ---I A = FRONT SETBACK
I 1 B = SIDE SETBACK
I I C = REAR SETBACK
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Old Trail Village
Figure 7: Building Disposition
24
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Table SA: Maximum Units by Unit Type
Maximum number of Maximum number of
"- Maximum CondominiumJ Apartment
QI TownhouseJ Row house units
.Q number of units
E
;j Block Area Detached Blocks with Blocks with
z (acres) Blocks with Blocks with
.:.: Single Family residential residential
u Mixed use Mixed use
0 units 1 development development
ffi only development only development
.. 1", 5.1 0 ,61 91. -.' 61 : 91
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2 5.2 31 62 93 62 93
3 6.8 " 40 :'-.." 81 122 81 122
4 3.3 19 39, " 59 39 59
5 4.6 27 55 82 55 82
6 5.0 0 60 90 60 90
7 8.7 52 104 156 104 156
8 NOT USED
9 NOT USED
10 5.1 43 61 91 61 91
11 3.0 25 36' 54 ", 36 54
12 5.0 42 60 90 60 90
13 4.0 34 48 72 48 72
14 2.9 24 34 52 34 52
15 2.7 22 32 48 32 48
16 4.7 39 56 84 56 84
17 3.8 32 45 68 45 68
18 3.4 28 40 61 40 61
19 9.7 63 0 0 .. 0
20 3.4 28 40 61 40 61
21 2.0 17 24 36 24 36
22 8.3 70 99 149 99 149
23 3.4 28 40 61 40 61
24 4.1 26 0 0 0 0
25 1.8 11 0 0 0
26 5.4 45 64 97 64 97
27 3.7 31 44 66 44 66
28 3.6 30 43 64 , '. 43 64
29 3.9 33 46 70 46 70
30 5.7 37 0 0 0 0
31 8.5 55 0 0 0 0
32 23.2 197 278 417 278 417
33 9.6 62 0 0 0 0
34 2.9 18 0 0 0 0
35 5.8 37 0 0 0 0
I TOTAL l___ 178.3 I 1246 I 15~2 ! ----3334 i 1552 23~J
1 Some units may include an attached accessory unit which is included in the total number of units, as
allowed Table 1 on page 9, and further detailed on Table 5, page 26. Up to 6.5 units/acre are allowed in
CT3 and up to 8.5 units/acre are allowed in CT4. CT5 allows up to 6 units/acre.
Note: The total units listed in the columns above indicate the maximum number of units achievable for
each separate unit type (i.e. single-family units, townhouse/ row house units, and/or condominium/
apartment units). Even though the sum of the maximum units developable for each block exceeds 2200,
the developer shall be limited to an overall range of units between 1600 and 2200 for the entire development
of varying dwelling types.
ZMA-04-024
Old Trail Village
27
OI.DTHAII.
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Grading
Old Trail Village is intended to respect the existing topography and
natural landscape. General grading is provided within the General
Development Plan, which depicts minimal land disturbance to
accommodate the conceptual development. Each site/subdivision
application shall include an overlot grading plan that shows grading of
streets, lots and open space, subject to the approval of the County
Engineer. Specific criteria for overlot grading plans are listed in the
proffers for Old Trail Village.
Stormwater Management
Existing ponds and drainage facilities will be utilized. Watershed areas
and preliminary grading information are provided within the General
Development Plan. Existing storm sewers have been designed and
constructed along Old Trail Drive to collect a significant amount of the
runoff from Old Trail Village as shown in the General Development Plan.
Drainage areas corresponding to each stormwater detention basin have
been identified within the General Development Plan as well as potential
locations for bio-filtration facilities. Additional Stormwater management
facilities will be implemented as each site is developed and shall be
subject to the approval of Albemarle County Engineering Department.
Residential lots shall not be permitted within stream buffers.
Entrance Corridor Protection
Albemarle County's goal is to preserve the rural character of Crozet.
Therefore regulations have been established which are intended to
protect the existing viewsheds along the
designated Route 250 Entrance Corridor
adjacent to Old Trail Village.
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EXAMPLE OF A RETAINING WALL
maintained.
.
I
The Route 250 Entrance Corridor buffer, as
defined by the 150 ft. deep existing
woodland, shall be retained as existing
forest. Adjacent to Route 250, trees within
existing forested areas shall be preserved and
maintained at a minimum depth of one
. hundred-fifty (150) feet from the edge of
right-of-way. Adjacent to Route 250 in areas
which are currently unforested, a twenty (20)
foot deep hedgerow shall be planted and
In addition to regulations specified within the Code of Development, the
following additional regulations shall be imposed on blocks 19, 24 and
25:
ZMA-04-024
Old Trail Village
28
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1. Existing natural topography shall be preserved to the extent
possible. Variations in natural topography shall be accommodated
with interior floor level changes.
2. Retaining walls visible from Route 250 shall be limited to an
exposed height of six (6) ft.
3. Flat roofs are not permitted on any building, unless mechanical
equipment is contained within the building envelope.
4. Accessory equipment and structures shall be integrated into the
site plan by utilizing buildings or changes in grade. Planting shall
not be an acceptable solution for poorly sited equipment or
structures.
5. Views of site accessories, structures or equipment shall be
eliminated from the Entrance Corridor.
ZMA-04-024
Old Trail Village
29
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v. ARCHITECTURAL AND LANDSCAPE
STANDARDS
Introduction and Intent
A variety of styles and product types have been developed for Old Trail
Village with the intention of implementing the development principles
outlined in the Neighborhood Model and to address concerns raised by
the Crozet community during the Crozet master planning process.
Summary of Architectural Districts
The Crozet Master Plan describes future development of Crozet in terms
of transect zones. Each transect zone corresponds to a level of density
and neighborhood character intended to foster the livability and vibrancy
envisioned. For purposes of defining architectural and landscape
standards, three districts have been established at Old Trail Village,
roughly corresponding to the transect zones articulated in the Crozet
Master Plan. The following is a description of each district:
Center (Blocks 1-7, corresponding to CT5 of the Crozet Master Plan)
With appropriate architectural and street scale in place, the center
district allows a wide range of uses including side-by-side integration of
residential, office and retail uses. Valuable civic spaces are created
through variations to building facades, creating plazas and other
meaningful spaces for those who work, shop and/ or live in the center
district.
Proper proportions, both for the buildings and the relationship of the
street to those buildings, permits the district to have such use variation
and to successfully integrate the range of uses planned for this district.
General (Blocks 10-18, 20-23, 26-29 & 32, corresponding to CT4 of the
Crozet Master Plan)
A variety of residential uses, integrated building to building, defines the
character of the General District. As in the Center District, architectural
attention is the key in making this integration work. Proper apartment
and townhome details give the multifamily units the "right" to stand next
to stately manor homes.
ZMA-04-024
Old Trail Village
32
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Open spaces such as commons, pocket parks, and closes all help relieve
any sense of density that the units might create by giving them a public
space outlet for outdoor enjoyment. -
Street trees and properly designed sidewalks provide a built-in linear
park system that connects to the adjacent districts.
Edge (Blocks 19,24,25,30,31,33-35, corresponding to CT3 of the
Crozet Master Plan)
Comprised almost exclusively of single family residential uses, the Edge
District provides a meaningful transition from the higher densities of the
Village center to the surrounding rural land and adjacent properties.
Homes with dramatic views of woods, mountains, or the Old Trail Golf
Course maintain a walkable distance to the village core.
-
'1l """I~~
Architectural Standards
In general, the architectural standards of Old Trail Village will provide a
sense of place born out of a
street and architectural design
that is unified, pedestrian in
scale and sympathetic to the
regional context. Notable
historic place references
primarily include:
Williamsburg, Leesburg Corner
and Warrenton, followed by
Charlottesville, Fredricksburg
and Lexington, Virginia.
Specific design standards for
each district are provided in
Tables 8 and 9. General design standards outlined below shall apply
throughout the plan area:
1. Spatial enclosure ratios between main structures in the center and
general (or proper) districts typically range between 1:2 and 1:4 and
between 1:3 and 1:6 in the general and edge districts. Enclosure is
measured from the face of primary structures. Refer to subsequent
"Spatial enclosure" section for further explanation.
2. Entrances which transition from private building to public street are
prevalent (i.e. colonnades, arcades, porches, stoops and courtyards.)
-I
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Old Trail Village
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3. Exterior wall and
roofing materials
preferences at this time
include wood, masonry
board such as
hardiplank or panel,
brick, stucco or stone
for walls, architectural
asphalt-shingles or
painted tern metal for
pitched roofs.
4. The range of
architectural styles
includes: Classical
(Georgian, Jeffersonian
and Greek Revival), ./
Colonial Revival, Vernacular (Virginia and English), Victorian (ltalianate,
Queen Anne and Carpenter Gothic), and Arts & Crafts (bungalow and
four-square). In addition, the center district includes interpretations of
late 19th early 20th century
commercial building styles
as found in downtown
Charlottesville.
Contemporary designs will
only be allowed if they abide
by the standards specified
herein and are in scale with
adjacent more traditional
designs. The ultimate goal
is to orient and scale
buildings for the pedestrian
at street level in order to
create an inviting, enlivened
~ .
streetscape.
5. Streets have sidewalks and street trees in planters or planting strips,
depending on their district designation. As much as possible, in
accordance with VDOT regulations, on-street parking is allowed.
6. Species of trees, shrubs, grasses and other vegetation shall be
representative of indigenous species of existing plant communities in the
area. A recommended plant list is provided in the Appendix.
ZMA-04-024
Old Trail Village
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Spatial Enclosure
9/12/2005
In accordance with the Neighborhood Model and the Crozet Master Plan,
the primary device for the regulation of building height, stories and
massing is the spatial enclosure ratio.
A. Comparison between the Crozet Master Plan and Old Trail Village.
a. The Crozet Master Plan stipulates these guidelines for
spatial enclosure:
i. CT5-1.5 to 3.5 stories. Max. ratio = 1 :2; Min. ratio = 1:4
ii. CT4-1-2.5 stories (3 stories by exception.) Max 1:2;
Min 1 :4.
111. CT3-1-2 stories (2.5-3 stories by exception), Max 1:4;
Min 1:6 min.
b. Old Trail Village stipulates these spatial enclosure ratios by
zone:
1.
CT5-2 to 4 stories (4 stories plus by limited exception
based on location relative to roundabouts.) Max. ratio=
1:2; Min. ratio=1:4
11. CT4-1.5 to 3 stories (4 story by exception based on
location relative to Old Trail Drive and CT5 blocks.)
Max 1:2; Min 1:4
111. CT3-1 to 2.5 stories (3 stories by exception.) Max 1 :3;
Min 1 :6.
B. The Old Trail Village Spatial Enclosure Ratios Applied.
a. Space Between Buildings Across a Thoroughfare. Spatial
enclosure is defined as the ratio between the space between
primary building face
across a thoroughfare
and building eave or
parapet height (as
illustrated in the
adjacent
Neighborhood Model
Diagram.) This ratio
is also a function of
paving width, sidewalk
and planting strip
width and front
setback.
b. Allowable Eave or
Parapet Height vs. Maximum Building Height. Allowable eave
or parapet height will vary depending on building location (i.e.
whether it is in CT5, CT4 or CT3) and is determined by spatial
enclosure ratios. Overall building heights up to the ridge will
vary depending on the slope of roof and be subject to the
Architectural Design Requirements enforced by the Developer
and Home Owner Association in accordance with allowable
styles and proportions (see Table 9.)
ZMA-04-024
Old Trail Village
Sllttt
Figure 6:6.1: Spaual Ene/osuy/! of J.! usmg bUlldmg f't!cesses. I"
IhlJ draWing. lh~ 1t~lg"l and mass QI bUlldmgs IS dlmlnlJh~d 10 ,hi
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hCIKhl rallo IS rila",~d by prOpOr/UJnQU mcriaJiS In dl$lanCfl and
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c. Spatial Enclosure & Building Height Regulations. The
following tables illustrate how the ratios apply to each zone
under various scenarios.
Table 6A. Spatial Enclosure & Building Height Regulations for CT5 &
CT4 where maximum and minimum spatial enclosure ratios are 1:2 and
1:4 respectively.
CT5& Paving Sidewalk Front Width from Average Average # Stories # Stories
CT4: Width + Setback face to face Eave Ht. Eave Ht. possible possible
Blocks 1- planting of primary at 1:2 at 1:4 at 1:2 at 1:4
7, 10-18, bldg. ratio ratio ratio ratio
20-23, 26- 30' 12' (x2) 0 54' 27' 14' 2-2.5 1-1.5
29,32 30' 12' (x2) 5' (x2) 64' 32' 16' 2-2.5 1-1.5
30' 12' (x2) 10' 74' 37' 19' 2-2.5 1-1.5
(x2)
36' 12' (x2) 0 60' 30' 15' 2.5-3 1-1.5
36' 12' (x2) 5' (x2) 70' 35' 18' 3-3.5 1.5-2
36' 12' (x2) 10' 80' 40' 20' 3-3.5 1.5-2
(x2)
*100' 12' (x2) 15'(x2) 154' 77' 39' 5-6 3.5-4
*Roundabout intersection. Paving width is derived from the approximate length of the diagonal of
the intersection plus a conservative approximation of plaza areas (which determine setback
dimensions.)
General Notes:
. When using the maximum spatial enclosure ratio of 1:2, for every 2' increase in either paving
width, front setback or sidewalk +planting width, eave height increases 1'.
. When using the minimum spatial enclosure ratio of 1:4, for every 2' increase in either paving
width, front setback or sidewalk +planting width, maximum eave height increases 6".
. Stories do not include attics or raised basements.
. Eave heights represent the average or typical allowable height per block and between buildings
across from each other. For example, a spatial enclosure ratio of 1:2 can be achieved with a
width from face to face of primary building of 66' if either or both buildings across from each
other have a 33' eave height or if one building has a 43' eave height and the other building has
a 23' eave height. Their average is still 33'.
Exceptions to General Standards:
. No building in CT5 may exceed four (4) stories unless located in the roundabout intersection.
. At roundabout intersections, the space between buildings approximates between 150' to
200'. At these locations (blocks 1,3,4,5,6,7) only one building per roundabout intersection
shall be allowed either up to the maximum calculated eave height or one story over the tallest
adjacent building in the intersection. This added height shall be achieved in the form of a
tower, steeple or some other vertical architectural element. All other adjacent buildings in the
roundabout intersection may have up to a maximum of four (4) stories.
. When spatial enclosure falls below 1:3, a 1:2 enclosure by street tree canopy must be ensured
except at retail establishments where signage must be free from obstruction.
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Table 6B. Spatial Enclosure & Building Height Regulations for CT3
where maximum and minimum spatial enclosure ratios are 1:3 and 1:6
respectively.
eT3: Paving Sidewalk Front Width from Ave. Ave. # Stories # Stories
Blocks Width +plantin Setback face to face Eave Eave possible possible
19,24, g of primary Hgt.@ Hgt.@ @ 1:3 @ 1:6
25,30, bldg. 1:3 ratio 1:6 ratio ratio ratio
31, & 30' 12' (x2) 15' 84' 28' 14' 2-2.5 1
33-35 (x2)
General Notes:
· When using the maximum spatial enclosure ratio of 1:3, for every 2' increase in either paving
width, front setback or sidewalk +planting width, eave height increases 8".
· When using the minimum spatial enclosure ratio of 1 :6, for every 2' increase in either paving
width, front setback or sidewalk +planting width, maximum eave height increases 4".
· Stories do not include attics or raised basements.
· Eave heights represent the average or typical allowable height per block and between
buildings across from each other. For example, a spatial enclosure ratio of 1:3 can be
achieved with a width from face to face of primary building of 70' if either both buildings
across from each other have a 23.5' eave height or if one building has a 27' eave height and
the other building has a 20' eave height. Their average is still 23.5.'
Exceptions to General Guidelines:
· No building in CT3 blocks may exceed 2.5 stories except blocks adjacent to CT4 (#'s 30,31,
35) or Old Trail Drive (#'s 19,24,25) may be up to a maximum of three (3) stories.
· When spatial enclosure falls below 1:3, a 1:3 enclosure by street tree canopy must be
ensured.
ZMA-04-024
Old Trail Village
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Table 8: Architectural and Landscape Standards
(per section 18-20A.5.g of Albemarle CountJ,J Code)
Standards Center Zone (blocks General Zone Edge Zone (blocks
1-7) (blocks 10-18, 20- 19, 24, 25, 30, 31,
23, 26-29, 32) 33-35)
1. Form, Massing, Rectangular, 2 - 4 stories Rectangular, 1.5 - 3 stories Polygonal, 1- 2 1/2 stories (3
Proportion (4 stories plus by limited (4 stories by exception)2. 3 stories by exception) 3
exception based on
location relative to
roundabouts.) 3
2. Architectural Styles 19th/early 20th century Classical, Colonial Revival, Classical, Colonial, Revival,
Commercial, Classical, Victorian, Vernacular, Arts Victorian, Vernacular, Arts
Victorian & Crafts & Crafts
3. Materials, Color Wood, masonry board, Wood, masonry board, Wood, masonry board,
and Texture 1 brick, stucco, synthetic brick, stucco, synthetic brick, stucco, synthetic
stucco or stone for walls. stucco or stone for walls. stucco or stone for walls.
Membrane roofing at flat Asphalt shingles, slate, tile Asphalt shingles, slate, tile
roofs. Asphalt, slate, tile copper, standing seam copper, standing seam
copper, standing seam or steel or painted tern metal steel or painted tern metal
painted tern metal at for pitched roofs. for pitched roofs.
pitched roofs
4. Roof Form and See Table 9: Architectural Standards by Style
Pitch
5. Architectural See Table 9: Architectural Standards by Style
Ornamentation
6. Fac;:ade Treatments Storefronts, arcades, Storefront, arcades, stoops, Dooryard front and
& Frontages (as stoops, dooryard front and dooryard fron t and downhill side, porch and
defined in Section 6 of downhill side. (for window / downhill side, porch and fence front, common lawn.
the Neighborhood door treatments see Table fence front, common lawn. (for window/door
Model Amendment to 9: Architectural Standards (for window/door treatments see Table 9:
the 1996 by Style.) treatments see Table 9: Architectural Standards by
Comprehensive Plan, Architectural Standards by Style.)
"Architectural Style.)
Treatments with Front
Yards" pgs 80-84)
7a. Sidewalks See the General Development Plan
7b. Trees Street trees in planters Uniform spacing of street Uniform spacing of street
along Old Trail Drive and trees in planting strips. trees in strips in Edge
Road A blocks adjacent to General
blocks. More irregular
planting allowed at the
outer edge of the Edge
zone.
7c. Furniture/ Street furniture (i.e. trash Street furniture and Street lighting and
Ligh ting bins, bike racks, benches lighting compatible with furniture optional.
& lighting compatible with architecture.
architecture.
8. Historic See "Cultural Resources Package"
Preservation
, ,
1 In addltion to regulations listed here, extenor building wall and roof colors of structures located in blocks 4, II, 12, 19, 20, 21,
24, 25, 31 and 33 shall be limited to medium to dark values with low saturation and surfaces that are non-reflective. Wall and
roof colors shall be reviewed and approved by the Architectural Review Board (ARB) during their review of the SOP's for these
blocks.
2 Four stories shall be allowed based on the location relative to Old Trail Drive and CT5 blocks.
3 Exceptions to the building heights shall be in accordance with the spatial enclosure guidelines of the Code of Development.
ZMA-04-024
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Table 9: Architectural Standards by Style
Architectural Architectural Style
Feature 19th/20th century Classical & Victorian, Arts and Crafts
commercial Colonial Revival Vernacular
Roof form and Flat roof with True classical: Steeper pitched Low to moderate
Pitch parapet wall or gables (5: 12 to gables (minimum pitched gables
shallow hip (4: 12 7:12). Revival: 6: 12 up to 12: 12 and hip roofs
- 6:12) with (7: 12 up to 12: 12) and 12:14 on (4:12 to 7:12) on
cormce Dormer hips Gothic). Dormer main block and
allowed. hips allowed. dormers.
Roof Line Classical profiles Classical profiles See classical and See classical and
at eaves, cornices, at eaves, cornices, revival. revival.
rake trim, rake trim, Overhangs can be Overhangs can be
(/J cornerboards. cornerboards. > 12". Eaves may > 12". Eaves may
- Minimal Overhangs 4" - be open or boxed be open or boxed
.~
..... overhangs are 12". with brackets with brackets.
Q)
a allowed
a Building Brick water tables Brick water tables Brick water tables Brick water tables
'1::
E-< Base or wood skirt- or wood skirt- or wood skirt- or wood skirt-
] boards with drip boards with drip boards with drip boards with drip
.a cap. cap. cap. cap.
u Materials Wood, brick, Wood, brick, Wood, brick, Wood, brick,
Q)
.....
...... stone. Synthetic stone. Synthetic stone. Synthetic stone. Synthetic
.J::
u trim materials (i.e. trim materials (i.e. trim materials (i.e. trim materials (i.e.
I-<
<t: Fypon or Azek) Fypon or Azek) Fypon or Azek) Fypon or Azek)
subject to review subject to review subject to review subject to review
by Homeowners' by Homeowners' by Homeowners' by Homeowners'
Association. Association. Association. Association.
Windows Single and multi- Multi-pane Single and multi- Single and multi-
pane (Typical 5:8 (Typical 5:8 and pane (proportions pane (proportions
and 3:5 ratios 3:5 ratios between can be more can be vertical or
between the the pane's vertical) Unique square) Unique
pane's horizontal horizontal and patterns allowed. patterns allowed.
and vertical vertical
dimensions) dimensions)
Proportions may Horizontal and
(/J be more vertical, square lights by
.....
!::: horizontal, square review.
Q)
a Trim Profile or flat. Profile or flat. 2" - Profile or flat, Profile or flat,
.....
cO Various widths. 3 Y2" wide (typ.) decorative drip decorative drip
Q)
f:: caps and headers. caps and headers.
Q) Up to 6" wide. Up to 6" wide.
"0
cO Entrances/ Awnings, Porches, porticos Porches, porticos Porches, porticos
u..
cO Walks colonnades, and stoops. and stoops and stoops.
~
arcades.
Columns/ Flat or classical, Ionic or Doric Turned square or Turned, square or
posts square or round. (typ.) square or round. Brackets round. Brackets
round. allowed. allowed.
Railings Metal or wood, Metal or wood, Also allows cut Typically wood
flat, turned, flat, turned, wood ornamental with simple
vertical or pattern vertical or pattern. grips and geometries for
balusters. grips and pickets.
ZMA-04-024
Old Trail Village
39
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9/12/2005
Buffers and Screening
Adjacent to Henley Middle School, existing trees shall be preserved and
maintained at a minimum depth of twenty (20) feet.
Adjacent to Route 250, trees within existing forested areas shall be
preserved and maintained at a minimum depth of one hundred-fifty (150)
feet. Adjacent to Route 250 in areas which are currently unforested, a
twenty (20) foot deep hedgerow shall be planted and maintained.
Existing wooded areas along the south end of Old Trail Drive shall be
preserved and maintained.
Guidelines for Tree Preservation
Preservation measures shall be administered to trees within wooded
areas to be maintained within the conservation/ preservation areas
delineated in the General
Development Plan, with
particular preservation
effort directed toward
trees with trunk
diameters greater than 18
inches at breast height.
Wooded areas to remain
shall be fenced off from
construction activity with
portable chain link
fencing no closer than
five (5) feet to the trunk.
Silt fencing shall be
utilized at stream buffers.
During the course of final grading, if it becomes necessary to fill within
the canopy limits of existing trees, such fills shall not exceed depths
greater than six (6) inches to ensure continued saturation of the existing
root mat. Prior to grading around the trees, all vegetation shall be
stripped from the fill areas and fertilizer shall be applied. Should it
become necessary to cut within the canopy limits, all disturbed roots
shall be protected from exposure to the air. The crown leaf surface shall
be proportionately reduced to balance the reduced root system. The
trees shall be fertilized upon completion of grading activities in the area.
Any damaged portions of trees within wooded areas to be maintained
shall be immediately addressed to promote expedient recovery. The
Albemarle County Conservation Plan Checklist is provided in the
Appendix
Further measures for tree protection are outlined the Appendix: Tree
Preservation & Protection, chapter 3.38 of the Virginia Erosion and
Sediment Control Handbook.
ZMA-04-024
Old Trail Village
40
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APPENDICES
A. Ownership Table
B. Homeowners Association fee schedule
C. Conservation Plan Checklist
D. Tree Preservation and Protection Guidelines
E. Recommended Planting List
ZMA-04-024
Old Trail Village
41
OLD THAlL
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TOTAL AREA
ZMA-04-024
Old Trail Village
OWNERSHIP TABLE
Area
237 acres
237 acres
Pro e Owner
March Mountain Properties,
LLC
Old Trail Villa e NMD Site
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Master AS$ociadot\ Dues
Total Membei$btpD~
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County of Albemarle
Conservation Plan Checklist- To be placed on Landscape Plans
(Handbook, pp III-284-1l1-297 for complete specifications)
1. The followln!! items shall be shown on the plan:
o Trees to be saved;
o Limits of clearing (outside dripline of trees to be saved);
o Location and type of protective fencing;
o Grade changes requiring tree wells or walls;
o Proposed trenching or tunneling beyond the limits of clearing,
2. Markln!!s:
o All trees to be saved shall be marked with print or ribbon at a height clearly visible to equipment operators.
o No grading shall begin until the tree marking has been inspected and approved by a County Inspector,
3. Pre-Constructlon Conference:
o Tree preseIVation and protection measures shall be reviewed with the contractor on site.
4. Equipment Operation and Stora!!e:
o Heavy equipment, vehicular traffic and storage of construction materials including soil shall not be pennitted within the driplines of trees
to be saved.
5. Soil Erosion and Stormwater Detention Devices:
o Such devices shall not adversely affect trees to be saved.
6. Fires:
o Fires are not pennitted within 100 feet of the dripline of trees to be saved.
7. Toxic Mattlrials:
o Toxic materials shall not be stored within 100 feet of the dripline of trees to be saved,
8. Protective Fencin!!:
o Trees to be retained within 40 feet of a proposed building or grading activity shall be protected by fencing.
o Fencing shall be in place and shall be inspected and approved by a County Inspector prior to grading or construction.
9. Tree Wells:
o When the ground level must be raised within the dripline of a tree to be saved, a tree well shall be provided and a construction detail
submitted for approval.
10. Tree Walls:
o When the ground level must be lowered within the dripline a tree to be saved, a tree wall shall be provided; and a construction detail
submitted for approval.
11. Trenchln!! and Tunnelln!!:
o When trenching is required within the limits of clearing, it shall be done as far away from the trunks of trees as possible. Tunneling
under a large tree shall be considered as an alternative when it is anticipated that necessary trenching will destroy feeder roots.
12. Cleanup:
o Protective fencing shall be the last items removed during the final cleanup,
13. Dama!!ed Trees:
o Damaged trees shall be treated immediatel y by pruning, fertilization or other methods recommended by a tree specialist.
NOTE: IT IS THE DEVELOPER'S RESPONSIBILITY TO CONFER WITH THE CONTRACTOR ON TREE CONSERVATION
REQUIREMENTS.
OWNER SIGNATURE
(DATE)
CONTRACT PURCHASER SIGNATURE
(DATE)
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3.38
STD & SPEC 3.38
\. @ .1
TREE PRESERVATION
& PROTECTION
@
Definition
Protection of desirable trees from mechanical and other injury during land disturbing and
construction activity.
Purpose
To ensure the survival of desirable trees where they will be. effective for erosion and
sediment control, watershed protection, landscape beautification, dust and pollution control,
noise reduction, shade and other environmental benefits while the land is being converted
from forest to urban-type uses.
Conditions Where Practice Applies
Tree-inhabited areas subject to land disturbing activities.
III - 393
UI.U II<AII.
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1992
3.38
Planning Considerations
New development often takes place on tracts of forested land. In fact, building sites are
often selected because of the presence of mature trees. However, unless sufficient care is
taken and planning done in the interval between buying the property and completing
construction, much of this resource is likely to be destroyed. The property owner is
ultimately responsible for protecting as many trees as possible, with their understory and
ground cover. This responsibility is usually exercised by agents-the planners, designers and
contractors. It takes 20 to 30 years for newly planted trees to provide the benefits for which
we value trees so highly. Trees perform the following functions on a site:
1. Assist in stabilizing the soil and preventing erosion.
2. Help to decrease stormwater runoff through canopy interception and root
zone absorption.
3. Moderate temperature changes and provide shade.
4. Moderate the effects of sun and wind.
5. Provide buffers and screens against noise.
6. Filter pollutants from the air.
7. Help to remove carbon dioxide from the air and release oxygen.
8. Provide a haven for animals and birds, which help to control insect
populations.
9. Conserve and increase property values.
10. Provide psychological and aesthetic counterpoints to the man-made urban
setting.
Stresses of Construction
Trees may appear to be inanimate objects, but they are living organisms that are constantly
involved in the process of respiration, food processing, and growth. Construction activities
expose trees to a variety of stresses resulting in injury ranging from superficial wounds to
death. An understanding of these stresses is helpful in planning for tree protection.
1. Surface Impacts: Natural and man-related forces exerted on the tree above the
ground can cause significant damage to trees.
a. Wind damage - Removal of some trees from groups will expose those
remaining to greater wind velocities. Trees tend to develop anchorage where
III - 394
-- .~. ~. .... . .......0-
01.0 TRAIL
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3.38
it is most needed. Isolated trees develop anchorage rather equally all around,
with stronger root development on the side of the prevailing winds. The more
a tree is protected from the wind, the less secure is its anchorage. The result
of improper thinning is often wind-thrown trees. Selective removal in favor
of a single tall tree may also create a lightning hazard.
b. Excessive pruning - Unprotected trees are often "topped" or carelessly pruned
to prevent interference with utility wires or buildings. If too many branches
are cut, the tree may not be able to sustain itself. If the pruning is done
without considering the growth habit, the tree may lose all visual appeal. If
the branches are not pruned correctly, decay may set in.
c. Trunk damage - Tree trunks are often nicked or scarred by trucks and
construction equipment. Such superficial wounds provide access to insects
and disease.
2. Root Zone Impacts: Disturbing and delicate relationship between soil, roots, and the
rest of the tree can damage or kill a tree. The roots of an existing tree are
established in an area where essential materials (water, oxygen, and nutrients) are
present. The mass of the root system is the correct size to balance the intake of
water from the soil with the transpiration of water from the leaves.
a. Raising the grade as little as 6 inches can retard the normal exchange of air
and gases. Roots may suffocate due to lack of oxygen, or be damaged by
toxic gases and chemicals released by soil bacteria.
b. Raising the grade may also elevate the water table. This can cause drowning
of the deeper roots.
c. Lowering the grade is not usually as damaging as raising it. However, even
shallow cuts of 6 to 8 inches will remove most of the topsoil, removing some
feeder roots and exposing the rest to drying and freezing.
d. Deep cuts may sever a large portion of the root system, depriving the tree of
water and, increasing, the chance of wind-throw.
e. Lowering the grade may lower the water table, inducing drought. This is a
problem in large roadway cuts or underdrain installations.
f. Trenching or excavating through a tree's root zone can eliminate as much as
40 percent of the root system. Trees suffering such damage usually die within
2 to 5 years.
g. Compaction of the soil within the drip line (even a few feet beyond the drip
line) of a tree by equipment operation, materials storage, or paving can block
off air and water from roots.
ITI - 395
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OLOTIlAIL
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h.
Construction chemicals or refuse disposed of in the soil can change soil
chemistry or be toxic to trees. Most damage to trees from construction
activities is due to the invisible root zone stresses.
Design Criteria
No formal design is required. However, in planning for the development of a wooded site
where some trees will be preserved, a number of criteria must be considered.
Selecting Trees to be Retained
The proper development of a wooded site requires completion of a plan for tree
preservation before clearing and construction begins. Trees should be identified by species,
and located on a topographical map, either as stands or as individuals, depending on the
density and value of the trees. Base decisions on which trees' to save on the following
considerations:
1. Life expectancy and present age: Preference should be given to trees with a
long life span, such as white oak, beech, and maple. Long-lived specimens'
that are past their prime may succumb to the stresses of construction, so
smaller, younger trees of desirable species are preferred; they are more
resilient and will last longer. However, if the cost of preservation is greater
than the cost of replacement with a specimen of the same age and size,
replacement may be preferred.
2. Health and disease susceptibility: Check for scarring caused by fire or
lightning, insect or disease damage, and rotted or broken trunks or limbs.
Pest- and pollution-resistant trees are preferred.
3. Structure: Check for structural defects that indicate weakness or reduce the
aesthetic value of a tree: trees growing from old stumps, large trees with
overhanging limbs that endanger property, trees with brittle wood (such as
silver maple), misshapen trunks or crowns, and small crowns at the top of tall
trunks. Open grown trees often have better form than those grown in the
woods. Trees with strong tap or fibrous root systems are preferred to trees
with weak rooting habits. '
4. Cleanliness: Some trees such as elm and black locust are notoriously "dirty",
dropping twigs, bark, fruit, or plant exudates. A clean tree is worth more than
a dirty one. Trees which seed prolifically or sucker profusely are generally
less desirable in urban areas. Thornless varieties are preferred.
5. Aesthetic values: Handsome bark and leaves, neat growth habit, fine fall
color, and attractive flowers and fruit are desirable characteristics. Trees that
III - 396
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provide interest during several seasons of the year enhance the value of the
site.
6.
Comfort: Trees help relieve the heat of summer and buffer strong winds
throughout the year. Summer temperatures may be 10 degrees cooler under
hardwoods than under conifers. Deciduous trees drop their leaves in winter,
allowing the sun to warm buildings and soil. Evergreens are more effective
wind buffers.
7.
Wildlife: Preference should be given to trees that provide food, cover, and
nesting sites for birds and game.
8.
Adaptability to the proposed development:
a. Consider the mature height and spread of trees; they may interfere
with proposed structures and overhead utilities. Roots may interfere
with walls, walks, driveways, patios, and other paved surfaces; or water
lines, septic tanks, and underground drainage.
b. Trees must be appropriate to the proposed use of the development;
select trees which are pollution-tolerant for high-traffic and industrial
areas, screen and buffer trees for noise or objectionable views, salt-
tolerant species for areas exposed to deicing salts or ocean spray.
c. Consider location of landfills. Gases generated in them can travel long
distances underground, to injure distant trees. Choose species tolerant
of anaerobic soil conditions.
d. Determine the effect of proposed grading on the water table. Grading
should not take place within the drip line of any tree to be saved.
9.
Survival needs of the tree: Chosen trees must have enough room to develop
naturally. They will be subject to injury from increased exposure to sunlight,
heat radiated from buildings and pavement, and wind. It is best to retain
groups of trees rather than individuals. As trees mature, they can be tbinned
gradually.
10.
Relationship to other trees: Individual species should be evaluated in relation
to other species on the site. A species with low value when growing among
hardwoods will increase in value if it is the only species present. Trees
standing alone genera~ly have higher landscape value than those in a wooded
situation. However, tree groups are much more effective in preventing
erosion and excess stormwater runoff.
III - 397
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3.38
Site Planning for Tree Protection
1. If lot size allows, select trees to be saved before siting the building. No tree should
be destroyed or altered until the design of buildings and utility systems is final.
2. Critical areas, such as flood plains, steep slopes, and wetlands, should be left in their
natural condition or only partially developed as open space.
3. Locate roadways to cause the least damage to valuable stands. Follow original
contours, where feasible, to minimize cuts and fills.
4. Minimize trenching by locating several utilities in the same trench. Excavations for
basements and utilities should be kept away from the drip line of trees.
5. Construction material storage areas and worker parking should be noted on the site
plan, and located where they will not cause compaction over roots.
6. When retaining existing trees in parking areas, leave enough ground ungraded
beyond the drip line of the tree to allow for its survival.
7. Locate erosion and sediment control measures at the limits of clearing and not in
wooded areas, to prevent deposition of sediment within the drip line of trees being
preserved. Sediment basins should be constructed in the natural terrain, if possible,
rather than in locations where extensive grading and tree removal will be required.
Specifications
1. Groups of trees and individual trees selected for retention shall be accurately located
on the plan and designated as "tree(s) to be saved." Individual specimens that are
not part of a tree group shall also have their species and diameter noted on the plan.
2. At a minimum, the limits of clearing shall be located outside the drip line of any tree
to be retained and, in no case, closer than 5 feet to the trunk of any tree (Plate 3.38-
1).
3. Marking: Prior to construction and before the preconstruction conference, individual
trees and stands of trees to be retained within the limits of clearing shall be marked
at a height visible to equipment operators. According to the Virginia Department
of Forestry, a diagonal slash of brightly colored paint approximately 8 to 10 inches
in length is a common practice in areas where an accidental or purposeful alteration
of the proper markings is a concern. In most situations, such as an area which is
supposed to receive formal landscaping, a surveyor's ribbon or a similar material
applied at a reasonable height encircling the tree will suffice.
III - 398
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1992
3.38
MAXIMUM UMITS OF
CLEARING AND GRADING
.......
PROPOSED GRADING
. .
DRIP UNE
PROTECTIVE DEVICE
.
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CONSTRUCTION OPERATIONS RELATIVE
TO THE LOCATION OF PROTECTED TREES
Source: Public Facilities Manual, Vol. III, Fairfax Co., Va., 1976
Plate 3.38-1
4. Pre-Construction Conference: During any preconstruction conference, tree
preservation and protection measures'should be reviewed with the contractor as they
apply to that specific project.
5. Equipment Operation and Storage: Heavy equipment, vehicular traffic, or stockpiles
of any construction materials (including topsoil) shall not be permitted within the
drip line of any tree to be retained. Trees being removed shall not be felled, pushed
or pulled into trees being retained. Equipment operators shall not clean any part of
their equipment by slamming it against the trunks of trees to be retained.
6. Fires: Fires shall not be permitted within 100 feet from the drip line of any trees to
be retained. Fires shall be limited in size to prevent adverse effects on trees, and
kept under surveillance.
7. Storage and Disposal of Toxic Materials: No toxic materials shall be stored closer
than 100 feet to the drip line of any trees to be retained. Paint, acid, nails, gypsum
board, wire, chemicals, fuels, and lubricants shall not be disposed of in such a way
as to injure vegetation.
III - 399 .
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8.
3.38
Fencing and Armoring (Plate 3.38-2): Any device may be used which will effectively
protect the roots, trunk and tops of trees retained on the site. However, trees to be
retained within 40 feet of a proposed building or excavation shall be protected by
fencing. Personnel must be instructed to honor protective devices. The devices
described are suggested only, and are not intended to exclude the use of other
devices which will protect the trees to be retained.
a. Snow Fence - Standard 40-inch high snow fence shall be placed at the limits
of clearing on standard steel posts set 6 feet apart.
b. Board Fence - Board fencing consisting of 4-inch square posts set securely in
the ground and protruding at least 4 feet above the ground shall be placed at
the limits of clearing with a minimum of two horizontal boards between posts.
If it is not practical to erect a fence at the drip line, construct a triangular
fence nearer the trunk. The limits of clearing will still be located at the drip
line, since the root zone within the drip line will still require protection.
c. Cord Fence - Posts with a minimum size of 2 inches square or 2 inches in
diameter set securely in the ground and protruding at least 4 feet above the
ground shall be placed at the limits of clearing with two rows of cord 1/4-inch
or thicker at least 2 feet apart running between posts with strips of colored
surveyor's flagging tied securely to the string at intervals no greater than 3
feet.
d. Plastic Fencing - 40-inch high "international orange" plastic (polyethylene) web
fencing secured to conventional metal "T" or "U" posts driven to a minimum
depth of 18 inches on 6-foot minimum centers shall be installed at the limits
of clearing. The fence should have the following minimum physical qualities:
Tensile yield:
Average 2,000 Ibs. per 4-foot width (ASTM D638)
Ultimate
tensile yield:
Average 2,900 lbs. per 4-foot width (ASTM D638)
Elongation
at break (%):
Greater than 1000% (ASTM D638)
Chemical
resistance:
Inert to most chemicals and acids
e. Earth Berms - Temporary earth berms shall be constructed according to
specifications for a TEMPORARY DIVERSION DIKE (Std..& Spec. 3.9)
witb the base of tbe berm on the tree side located along the limits of clearing.
Earth berms may not be used for this purpose if their presence will conflict
with drainage patterns.
III - 400
Ol.lJTHI\11.
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3.38
FENCING AND ARMORING
BOARD FENCE
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SNOW FENCE
CORRECT METHODS OF TREE FENCING
,J'!
....
CORRECT TRUNK ARMORING
FENCE
TRIANGULAR
Source: Va. DSWC
Plate 3.38-2 .
ill - 401
OLDTll/\11.
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3.38
Additional Trees - Additional trees may be left standing as protection
between the trunks of the trees to be retained and the limits of clearing.
However, in order for this alternative to be used, the trunks of the trees in the
buffer must be no more than 6 feet apart to prevent passage of equipment
and material through the buffer. These additional trees shall be reexamined
prior to the completion of construction and either be given sufficient
treatment to ensure survival or be removed.
Trunk Armoring - As a last resort, a tree trunk can be armored with burlap
wrapping and 2-inch studs wired vertically no more than 2 inches apart to a
height of 5 feet encircling the trunk. If this alternative is used, the root zone
within the drip line will still require protection. Nothing should ever be
nailed to a tree.
Fencing and armoring devices shall be in place before any excavation or grading is
begun, shall be kept in good repair for the duration of construction activities, and
shall be the last items removed during the final cleanup after the completion of the
project.
9. Raising the grade: When the ground level must be raised around an existing tree or
tree group, the following considerations shall be made and steps taken to adequately
care for the affected tree.
a. A well may be created around the tree(s) slightly beyond the drip line to
retain the natural soil in the area of the feeder roots (Plate 3.38-3).
ORIGIN&. I.. DRIP LINE
I
GRADE I
I
RETAINING I FINISHED GRADE
WAlL
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TREE
Source: Va. DSWC
Plate 3.38-3
ill - 402
OLDTHt\11.
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3.38
b.
In the case of an individual tree, when the above alternative is not practical
or desirable, the following method is recommended to ensure survival of the
tree (Plate 3.38-4).
1) Before making the fill, remove the green vegetation, sod, leaf litter,
and other organic matter from beneath the tree or trees to a distance
of 3 feet beyond the drip line and loosen the surface soil to a depth of
approximately 3 inches without damaging the roots.
2) Apply fertilizer in the root area of the tree to be retained. Fertilizer
formulations and application rates and methods shall conform to the
guidelines provided in Table 3.38-A
3) The dry well shall be constructed so as to allow for tree trunk diameter
growth. A space of at least 1 foot between the tree trunk and the well
wall is adequate for large, old, slow-growing trees. Clearance for
younger trees shall be at least 2 feet.
4) The well shall be high enough to bring the top just above the 'level of
the proposed fill. The well wall shall taper slightly away from the tree
trunk at a rate of 1 inch per foot of wall height.
5) The well wall shall be constructed of large stones, brick, building tile,
concrete blocks, or cinder blocks with care being taken to ensure that
ample openings are left through the wall of the well to allow for free
movement of air and water. Mortar shall only be used near the top of
the well and only above the porous fill.
6) Drain lines composed of 4-inch, high-quality drain tiles shall begin at
the lowest point inside the well and extend outward from the tree
trunk in a wheel-and-spoke pattern with the trunk as the hub. These
radial drain lines shall slope away from the well at a rate of 1/8 inch
per foot. The circumferential line of tiles should be located beneath
the drip line of the tree. Vertical tiles or pipes shall be placed over
the intersections of the tWo tile systems if a fill of more than 2 feet is
contemplated. These vertical tiles shall be held in place with stone fill.
Tile joints shall be tight. A few radial tiles shall extend beyond each
intersection and shall slope sharply downward to ensure good drainage.
7) Tar paper or its approved equivalent shall be placed over the tile
and/or pipe joints to prevent clogging, and large stone shall be placed
around and over drain tiles and/or pipes for protection.
III - 403
OLD TH,\11.
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1992
TREE WELL DETAIL
TILE DRAINS
VERTICAL DRAIN
.
DRIP UNE ~
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! L.. FILL WfTH STONE
_OB~~ ~-
GRADE ~
--
Source: Adapted from Tree Maintenance, 5th ed., Pirone, 1978.
ill - 404
3.38
FILL SOIL
STRAW OR
FlLTER FABRIC
S~AlL STONE
lARGE STONE
--TMl-PAPffi--
TILE DRAIN
Plate 3.38-4
01.1) TI{AII.
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3.38
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1992
10.
3.38
8) A layer of 2- to 6-inches of stone shall be placed over the entire area
under the tree from the well outward at least as far as the drip line.
For fills up to 2-feet deep, a layer of stone 8- to 12-inches thick should
be adequate. A thicker layer of this stone, not to exceed 30 inches,
will be needed for deeper fills.
9) A layer of 3/ 4-inch to I-inch stone covered by straw, fiber-glass mat or
a manufactured filter fabric shall be used to prevent soil from clogging
the space between stones. Cinders shall not be used as fill material.
10) Filling shall be completed with porous soil such as topsoil until the
desired grade is reached. This soil shall be suitable to sustain specified
vegetation.
11) To prevent clogging of the drain lines, crushed stone shall be placed
inside the dry well over the openings of the radial tiles. Vertical tiles
shall also be filled with crushed rock and may also be covered with a
screen.
12) To prevent anyone from falling into the dry well and leaves and debris
from accumulating there, the area between the trunk and the well wall
shall either be covered by an iron grate or fIlled with a 50-50 mixture
of crushed charcoal and sand. (This will also prevent rodent
infestation and mosquito breeding.)
c. Where water drainage through the soil is not a problem, coarse gravel in the
fill may be substituted for the tile. This material has sufficient porosity to
ensure air drainage. Instead of the vertical tiles or pipes in the system, stones,
crushed rock, and gravel may be added so that the upper level of these porous
materials slants toward the surface in the vicinity below the drip line (Plate
3.38-5).
d. Raising the grade on only one side of a tree or group of trees may be
accomplished by constructing only half of one of these systems.
Lowering the grade: Trees shall be protected from harmful grade cuts by the
construction of a tree wall (Plate 3.38-6).
a. Following excavation, all tree roots that are exposed and/or damaged shall be
trimmed cleanly, painted with tree paint, and covered with moist peat moss,
burlap, or other suitable material to keep them from drying out.
b. The wall shall be constructed of large stones, brick, building tile, or concrete
block or cinder block in accordance with the detail in Plate 3.38-6.
III - 406
OLD TI{AII.
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3.38
TREE WELL WITHOUT DRAIN TILES
DRIP UHE
NEW GIWlE
flLL SOl L
Source: Va. DSWC
Plate 3.38-5
c. Backfill with peat moss or other organic material or with topsoil to retain
moisture and aid in root development.
d. Apply fertilizer and water thoroughly. Fertilizer formulations and application
rates and methods shall conform to the guidelines provided in Table 3.38-A.
e. Prune the tree crown, reducing the leaf surface in proportion to the amount
of root loss.
f. Provide drainage through the wall so water will not accumulate behind the
wall.
g. Lowering the grade on only one side of a tree or group of trees may be
accomplished by constructing only half of this system.
III - 407
OLD TI\All.
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3.38
TREE WALL DETAIL
DRIP UNE ~
5' MIN.
UNE OF MINIMUM
EXCAVATION FOR
WALL CONSTRUCTION
(ORIP UNE)
TOPSOIL B.ACKFlLL
NOTE: ROOTS PENETRATING BEYOND
THE W~ LOCATION SHOVLD
BE BRIDGEO
30. MIN.
Source: Adapted from Trees for Architecture and
the Landscape, Zion, 1968.
Plate 3.38-6
ill - 408
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11. Trenching and Tunnelling:
a. Trenching shall be done as far away from the trunks of trees as possible,
preferably outside the branches or crown spreads of trees, to reduce the
amount of root area damaged, or killed by trenching activities.
b. Wherever possible, trenches should avoid large roots or root concentrations.
This can be. accomplished by curving the trench or by tunnelling under large
roots and areas of heavy root concentration.
c. Tunnelling is more expensive initially, but it usually causes less soil
disturbance and physiological impact on the toot system (Plate 3.38-7). The
extra cost may offset the potential cost of tree removal and replacement
should the tree die.
TRENCHING VS. TUNNELING
:'~;'i.:::: .;~:r:....
:::~':':'~;~+:Y:;';::~
::'~~'.~ / ;",./-.
....... " "
~~(:;~H
:..:\....:... ...
DESTRUCTION OF FEEDER ROOTS
WILL PROBABLY KILL THE TREE
TUNNELING UNDER THE TREE WILL
PRESERVE IMPORTANT FEEDER ROOTS
Source: Tree Maintenance, Pirone, 1979.
Plate 3.38-7
III - 409
01.1> TI{t\11.
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3.38
Tunnelling is almost always preferred over the trenching method. The tunnel
should be 18 inches or greater below the ground surface and should not be
located 'under the center of the tree (an off-center tunnel has the least impact
on the roots).
d. Roots shall not be left exposed to the air. They shall be covered with soil as
soon as possible or protected and kept moistened with wet burlap or peat
moss until the trench or tunnel can be filled.
e. The ends of damaged and cut roots shall be cut off smoothly and protected
by painting promptly with a tree-wound dressing.
f. Trenches and tunnels shall be filled as soon as possible. Air spaces in the soil
shall be avoided by careful filling and tamping.
g. Peat moss or other suitable material shall be added to the fill material as an
aid to inducing and developing new root growth.
h. The tree shall be mulched and fertilized to conserve moisture, stimulate new
root growth, and enhance general tree vigor.
1. If a large amount of the root system has been damaged and killed, the crown
leaf surface shall be proportionately reduced to balance the reduced root
system. This may be accomplished by pruning 20 to 30 percent of the crown
foliage. If roots are cut during the winter, pruning shall be accomplished
before the next growing season. If roots are cut during the growing season,
pruning shall be done immediately.
12.
Removal and Replacement of Damaged Trees: Should a tree intended and marked
to be retained be damaged seriously enough that survival and normal growth are not
possible, the tree shall be removed. If replacement is desirable and/or required, the
replacem~nt tree shall be of the same or similar species, 2-inch to 2~-inch
(minimum) caliper balled and burlapped nursery stock. However, today, with the aid
of a "tree spade," the same caliper tree may be required as a replacement.
13.
Clean-Up: . Clean-up after a construction project can be a critical time for tree
damage. Trees protected throughout the development operation are often destroyed
by carelessness during the final clean-up and landscaping. Fences and barriers shall
be removed last, after everything else is cleaned-up and carried away.
14.
Maintenance: In spite of precautions, some damage ~o protected trees may occur.
In such cases, the following maintenance guidelines should be followed:
a. Soil Aeration - If the soil has become compacted over the root zone of any
tree, the ground shall be aerated by punching holes with an iron bar. The bar
shall be driven I-foot deep and then moved back and forth until the soil is
ill - 410
01.1> Tll,\ II.
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3.38
loosened: This procedure, shall be repeated every 18 inches until all of the
compacted soil beneath the crown of the tree has been loosened.
b.
Repair of Damage
1) Any damage to the crown, trunk, or root system of any tree retained
on the site shall be repaired immediately.
2) Whenever major root or bark damage occurs, remove some foliage to
reduce the demand for water and nutrients.
3) Damaged roots shall immediately be cut off cleanly inside the exposed
or damaged area. Cut surfaces shall be painted with approved tree
paint, and moist peat moss, burlap, or top-soil shall be spread over the
exposed area
4) To treat bark damage, carefully cut away all loosened bark back into
the undamaged area, taper the cut at the top and bottom, and provide
drainage at the base of the wound (Plate 3.38-8).
5) All tree limbs damaged during construction or removed for any other
reason shall be cut off above the collar at the preceding branch
junction (Plate 3.38-8).
6) Care for serious injuries shall be, prescribed by a forester or a tree
specialist.
c.
Fertilization: Broadleaf trees that have been stressed or damaged shall
receive a heavy application of fertilizer to aid their recovery.
1) Trees shall be fertilized in the late fall (after October 1) or the early
spring (from the time frost is out of the ground until May 1). Fall
applications are preferred, as the nutrients will be made available over
a longer period of time.
2) Fertilizer shall be applied to the soil over the feeder roots (see Plate
3.38-9). In no case should it be applied closer than 3 feet to the trunk.
The root system of conifers extends some distance beyond the drip
line. Increase the area to be fertilized by one fourth the area of the
crown.
3) Fertilizer shall be applied using approved fertilization methods and
equipment.
111-411
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,~ '11
I il
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~~I~I~ I:
INCORRECT
TREE WOUND
3.38
TREATING BARK WOUNDS
TRIt-A AND TAPER
PRUNING DAMAGED BRANCHES
CORRECT
CORRECT
Source: Public Facilities Manual, Vol. nI, Fairfax Co., Va., 1976.
Plate 3.38-8
4) Formulations and application rates shall conform to the guidelines
given in Table 3.38-A
Maintain a ground cover of organic mulch around trees that is adequate to
prevent erosion, protect roots, and hold water.
III - 412
01.)) TI(1\ II.
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TREE FERTILIZATION
I DO NOT FEED AReA ADJACENT
DRIP LINE ~ .. TO TRUNK (-'PPROX. 1/3 OF
DIAI.IETER Of' TOTAl ROOT
.. AREA) SINCE FEW FEEDER
_ _ _ _ ........ ROOTS ARE IN THIS AREA
.-...... -- - <5 .2 _ c::;. -- _ ~
J_ /~~__;--o ___CJ --. ...
"r"' ...0...- -- c::> ....... <=> - _C:;--........
,/ ____ c::> <=> <::> ................ ' ...
.... A/<=> =- _ => = ~,,~
I 1--= = = = L..: ))
__ \= ~ = <::;:> <=> = C> '- C> <::;:>.. <::;:> ./.
'" ,<::;:> JI& ...... C> =,/ ~
=........ = <::;:> <=> ....
'........ -__ C> .....=__-6..../
..........~ ~-e:.-_<:2..~ _./
...;:. - ~ :;.. - - - -::' - - -t ~o ~... CIRClE
SUGHTL Y BEYOND THE
DRIP LINE OF THE TREE
.wr..
HOLES SHOULD BE APPROXIMATELY 18" DEEP
AND 2' APART, AND THEY SHOULD SLANT
TOWARD THE TRUNK.
Source: Tree Maintenance, Pirone, 1979.
III ~ 413
3.38
...
Plate 3.38-9
()!.U 'I'll" II.
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OLD TRAIL VILLAGE - RECOMMENDED PLANTING LIST
W = Wildlife
S = Full Shade
Minimum Moisture
Requirements
L = Low Moisture
Recommended Uses
Minimum Light
Requirements
H = Horticulture and
Landscaping
C = Conservation and
Restoration
P = Partial Sun
M = Moderate Moisture
F = Full Sun
H = High Moisture
D = Domestic Livestock
Forage
Native Trees
Scientific Name Common Name Uses Li2ht Moisture
W H C D S P F L M H
Small trees
Amelanchier downy
arborea serviceberry x x x x x x
Amelanchier Canada
canadensis serviceberry X X X X X X
Asimina tri/oba paw paw X x x x x X
Cerds
canadensis redbud (Eastern) x x x x x
Chionanthus
virginicus fringetree x x x X
Corn us alternate-leaf
alternifolia dogwood x x x x x x X
Cornus amomum silky dogwood x x x x x x
flowering
Cornus {lorida dogwood x x x x x x X
Crateagus crus- cockspur
~alli hawthorne x x x x x x X
Crateaf!U,s {lava October haw x x x x x
Euonymous
atropurpureus wahoo x x x x x
!lex opaca American holly x x x x x
Magnolia sweetbay
vir~iniana magnolia x x x x x x
ZMA-04-024
Old Trail Village
69
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Morus rubra red mulberry x x x x x x
Eastern hop-
Ostrya virJ!iniana hornbeam x x x X
Prunus American wild
amerzcana plum x x x x
Rhus J!labra smooth sumac x x x x x x
Rhus hirta (R.
typhina) staghorn sumac x x X x x
Sa/ix niJ!ra black willow x x x x x
Medium to Large Trees
Acer rubrum red maple x x x x x
Acer saccharum sugar maple x x x x x
Aesculus flava
(A. octandra) veIl ow buckeye x x X
sweet birch,
Betula lenta black birch x x x x x x
Betula niJ!ra river birch X X X X X X
Carya alba (c. mockernut
tomentosa) hickory x x x x X
Carya J!labra pignut hickory x x x x x x
shagbark
Carya ovata hickory x x x x
Diospyros
vir~iniana persimmon x x x x x x x x
Fagus
~randifolia American beech x x X x x x
Fraxinus
americana white ash X X X X x
Fraxinus
vensvlvanica green ash x x x x x x
JUJ!lans niJ!ra black walnut x x x x x
Juniperus red cedar
vir~iniana (Eastern) x x x x x x
Liquidambar
styraciflua sweetgum X X X X X X x
Liriodendron tulip-tree, tulip
tu/ivifera poplar x x x x x
Nyssa sylvatica black gum x x x x x x
Oxydendrum
arboreum sourwood X X x
Pinus echinata shortleaf pine x x x x
Pinus strobus white pine x x x x x
Pinus taeda loblolly pine x x x x x x
ZMA-04-024
Old Trail Village
70
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Pinus virf!iniana Virginia pine x x x
Platanus
occidentalis sycamore x x X x x
wild black
Prunus serotina cherry x x x x X
Quercus alba white oak X X X X X x
swamp white
Quercus bicolor oak X X X X X
Quercus
coccinea scarlet oak x x x x x
Southern red
Quercus fa/cata oak x x x x x x X
Quercus ilicifolia bear oak x x x X
Quercus swamp chestnut
michauxii oak x x x x X
Quercus montana
(Q. prinus) chestnut oak x x x x X
Quercus palustris pin oak x x x x x x X
Quercus phellos willow oak x x x x x x x
Northern red
Quercus rubra oak x x x x x x X
Quercus stellata post oak x x x x X
Quercus velutina black oak x x x x x
Robinia
pseudoacacia black locust x x x x
Sassafras
albidum sassafras x x x x x
American
Tilia americana basswood x x x
Tsuf!a canadensis Eastern hemlock x x x x x x
+ May be aggressive in garden setting.
* Due to the rarity and sensitivity of habitat in Virginia, these species are
recommended for horticultural use only. Planting these species in natural
areas could be detrimental to the survival of native populations.
ZMA-04-024
Old Trail Village
71
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Native Shrubs
Scientific Name Common Name Uses Li!!ht Moisture
W H C D S P F L M H
Shrubs
Alnus serrulata common alder x x x x x x x
Aronia arbutifolia red chokeberry X X X X X X
Aronia
melanocarva black chokeberry x X x x x x x
Allegheny
Castanea vumila chinkapin X X X X X X X
Ceanothus
amerzcanus New Jersey tea X X X X X X
Cephalanthus
occidentalis buttonbush x x x x X
Cornus amomum silkv dogwood x x x x x X
Crataegus crus-
Ralli cockspur hawthorn x x x x x x x
Gaultheria
procumbens wintergreen x x x x x x
Gaylussacia
baccata black huckleberry x x x x x x x
Gaylussacia
frondosa dangleberrv x x x x x x x
Hamamelis
virJ!iniana witch hazel x x x x x x
Hydrangea
arborescens wild hydrangea x x x x
deciduous holly,
flex decidua possumhaw x x x x x x
!lex verticillata winterberry x x x x x x x
Kalmia latifolia mountain laurel x x x x x x
Leucothoe fetterbush,
racemosa sweetbells x x x x x
Lindera benzoin spicebush x x x x x
Rhododendron Catawba
catawbiense rhododendron x x x x X
great
Rhododendron rhododendron,
maximum rose bay x x x x x x x
ZMA-04-024
Old Trail Village
72
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Rhododendron
periclvmenoides pinxter flower X x x x x x
Rhododendron
viscosum (R.
serrulata) swamp azalea X X X X X x
Rhus aromatica fragrant sumac x x X x
winged sumac,
Rhus covallinum flameleaf sumac x x x x x x
Rosa carolina pasture rose X X X X X x
Rubus Alleghany
alle)!heniensis blackberry x x x x x
Salix humilis prairie willow x x x x
Salix sericea silky willow X x x x x
Sambucus common
canadensis elderberry x x x x x x
Vaccinium
corymbosum (V. highbush
vir)!ata, formosa) blueberry x x x x x x x x x
Viburnum Southern arrow-
dentatum wood viburnum x x x x x x x
possum-haw
Viburnum nudum viburnum x x x x x
Viburnum black-haw
vrunifolium viburnum x x x x x x
+ May be aggressive in garden setting.
* Due to the rarity and sensitivity of habitat in Virginia, these species are
recommended for horticultural use only. Planting these species in natural areas
could be detrimental to the survival of native populations.
ZMA-04-024
Old Trail Village
73
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Native Herbs
Scientific Name Common Name Uses Li2ht Moisture
W H C D S P F L M H
Herbs
Aster cordi{olius heart-leaved aster X X X X X
Aster divaricatus white wood aster X X X X X X X
Aster vi/osus white heath aster X X X X X
Aster umbellatus flat-top white aster X X X X X X
Bavtisia australis* blue wild indigo X X X X X
Bavtisia tinctoria yellow wild-indigo X X X X X
Bidens cernua+ nodding beggar-ticks X X X X X X X X
Chamaecrista
fasciculata+ partridge pea X X X X
Chelone fZlabra white turtlehead X X X X X
Chrysogonum
virfZinianum green and gold X X X X
Chrysopsis mariana Maryland golden
(Heterotheca m.) aster X X X X X X
CimicifufZa racemosa black cohosh x x x x
Maryland butterfly
Clitoria mariana pea X X X X X
CoreoTJsis trivteris tall coreopsis X X X X X
Coreopsis verticil/ata threadleaf coreopsis x x x x x
Delvhinium tricorne dwarf larkspur X X X X
Desmodium narrow-leaf tick
vaniculatum trefoil X x x x
Dicentra cucullaria Dutchman's breeches x x x
Dicentra eximia wild bleeding heart x x x x
Dodecatheon meadia shooting star x x x x
horsetail, scouring
Equisetum hyemale rush x x x x x x
Eupatorium
coelestinum mistflower x x x x x x x
Eupatorium [istulosum Joe pye weed x x x x x x
Eupatorium
verfoliatum common boneset x X x x x
Geranium maculatum wild geranium x x x x x
Helenium autumnale sneezeweed x x x x x x
Helianthus narrow-leaf
anf!Usti{olius sunflower x x x x x x x
Helianthus ten-petaled sunflower x x x x x x
ZMA-04-024
Old Trail Village
74
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decapetalus
Helianthus divaricatus woodland sunflower x x x x x
Heliopsis
helianthoides oxeye sunflower x x x x x x x
Hepatica americana round-lobed hepatica X X X x
Heuchera american a alumroot x x x
Hibiscus moscheutos Eastern rosemallow x x x x x
Iris cristata dwarf crested iris x x x x
Iris virflinica Virginia blue flag x x x x x
round-head bush
Lespedeza capitata clover x x X x
Liatris flraminifolia grass-leaf blazing star x x x x x x x
Liatris SQuarrosa plains blazing star x x x x x x
Lilium canadense Canada lily x x x x x
Lilium superbum Turk's cap lily x x x x x
Lobelia cardinalis cardinal flower x x x x x x
Lobelia sivhilitica great blue lobelia x x x x x x
Lupinus perennis lupine, sundial lupine x x x x
Maianthemum
racemosa (Smilacina
r.) false Solomon's seal x x x x x
Mertensia virflinica Virginia bluebells x x x x x x
Mimulus rinflens monkeyflower x x x x
Monarda fistulosa wild bergamot x x x x x x x
Nymphaea odorata American water lily x x x x x
Oenothera fruticosa sundrops x x x x x X
Opuntia humifusa (0.
compressa) Eastern prickly-pear x x x x x
Peltandra virflinica arrow arum X X X X X x
Penstemon laeviflatus smooth beardtongue x x x x x
woodland phlox, wild
Phlox divaricata blue phlox x x x x X
summer phlox,
Phlox paniculata garden phlox x x x x x
Phlox subulata moss phlox x x x X
Physostegia
vir~iniana obedient plant x x x x x
Podophyllum
peltatum+ mayapple x x x x x x
Polemonium reptans Jacob's ladder x x x x
Poly~onatum biflorum Solomon's seal x x x x x
Pontederia cordata pickerel weed x x x x x
ZMA-04-024
Old Trail Village
75
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Porteranthus
trifoliatus( Gillenia t.) bowman's root X X X X
Pycnanthemum
incanum hoary mountain mint x x x x
Pycnanthemum narrow-leaved
tenuifolium mountain mint x x x x x x x
Virginia meadow-
Rhexia vir~inica beauty x x x x
Rudbeckia fulJ?ida early coneflower X x X x x x
Rudbeckia hirta black eyed Susan x x x x x x
cut-leaved
Rudbeckia laciniata coneflower x x x x x x
three-lobed
Rudbeckia triloba coneflower x x x x x x
Sa)!ittaria latifolia broadleaf arrowhead x x x x x
Salvia lyrata+ lyre-leaf sage x x X x
Sanguinaria
canadensis bloodroot X X X
Saururus cernuus lizard's tail x x x x x
Saxifra~a vir~iniensis early saxifrage x x x x x x
Sedum ternatum wild stonecrop X X X X
Senecio aureus+ golden ragwort x x x x x X
Senna marilandica
(Cassia m.) Maryland wild senna X X X X X
Silene virzinica fire pink x x x x x
Silphium perfoliatum cup plant x x x x x x
SolidaJ?o caesia bluestem goldenrod x x x x x x
Solida)!o odora sweet goldenrod x x x x x x
pineywoods
Solida)!o pinetorum+ goldenrod x x x x x
Solida)!o puberula downy goldenrod x x x x x
rough-stemmed
SolidaJ?o ru)!osa+ goldenrod x x x x x
SolidaJ?o sempervirens seaside goldenrod x x x x x x
Thalictrum dioicum early meadowrue X x x
Tiarella cordifolia
var. collina clumping foamflower x x x
Tiarella cordifolia
var. cordifolia spreading foamflower x x x
Tradescantia
vir)!iniana Virginia spiderwort x x x x x x
Trillium erectum wakerobin x x x
Trillium J?randiflorum white trillium x x x
ZMA-04-024
Old Trail Village
76
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Verbena hastata blue vervain x x x x x x
Vernonia
noveboracensis New York ironweed x x x x x x
Viola cucullata marsh blue violet x x x x x x
Viola pedata bird's foot violet x x x x x
Viola pubescens (V.
pennsylvanica) yellow violet x x x x x x
Yucca filamentosa common yucca x x x x
+ May be aggressive in !.!:arden setting.
* Due to the rarity and sensitivity of habitat in Virginia, these species are recommended
for horticultural use only. Planting these species in natural areas could be detrimental to
the survival of native populations.
ZMA-04-024
Old Trail Village
77
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Native Grassland Plants
Scientific Name Common Name Uses Li2ht Moisture
W H C D S P F L M H
Forbs
Acorus american us sweet flag x x x x x
Antennaria ne~lecta field pussytoes x x X x x x
Asclepias incarnata swamp milkweed x x x x x x
Asclepias syriaca+ common milkweed x x x x x
Asclepias tuberosa butterfly weed x x X X X
Aster pilosus white heath aster X X X X X
Aster umbellatus flat-top white aster x X x X x X
Baptisia tinctoria yellow wild-indigo x x x x x
Chamaecrista
{asciculata+ partridge pea x x X x
Chrysogonum
vir~inianum green and gold x x x x
Chrysopsis mariana Maryland golden aster X X X X X X
Clitoria mariana Maryland butterfly pea x x x x x
Coreopsis tripteris tall coreopsis x x x x x
Coreopsis verticillata threadleaf coreopsis x x x x x
Desmodium
paniculatum narrow-leaf tick trefoil X X X X
Eupatorium
coelestinum mistflower X X X X X X X
Eupatorium fistulosum Joe pye weed x x x x x x
Eupatorium
perfoliatum common boneset x x x x x
Helenium autumnale sneeze weed x x x x x x
Helianthus
anJ;!Usti{olius narrow-leaf sunflower x x x x x x x
Helianthus divaricatus woodland sunflower x x x x x
Heliopsis helianthoides oxeye sunflower x x x x x x x
Iris vir~inica Virginia blue flag x x x x x
round-head bush
Lespedeza capitata clover x x x x
Liatris ~raminifolia grass-leaf blazing star x x x x x x x
Liatris squarrosa plains blazing star X X X X X x
Lilium canadense Canada lily x x x x x
Lilium superbum Turk's cap lily x x x x x
Lobelia cardinalis cardinal flower x x x x x x
Lobelia siphilitica great blue lobelia x x x x x x
ZMA-04-024
Old Trail Village
78
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Lupinus perennis lupine, sundial lupine x x x x
Mimulus rinRens monkeyflower x x x x
Monarda fistulosa wild bergamot x x x x x x x
Oenothera fruticosa sundrops x x x x x X
Opuntia humi{usa Eastern prickly-pear x x x x X
Penstemon laevif!atus smooth beardtongue x x x x x
PhysosteRia virRiniana obedient plant x x x x x
Pycnanthemum
incanum hoary mountain mint x x x x
Pycnanthemum narrow-Ivd mountain
tenuifolium mint x x x x x x x
Virginia meadow-
Rhexia virf!inica beauty x x x x
Rudbeckia fulRida early coneflower x x x x x x
Rudbeckia hirta black eyed Susan x x X x x x
Rudbeckia laciniata cut-leaved coneflower x x x x x x
Rudbeckia triloba three-lobed coneflower x x x x x X
SaRittaria latifolia broadleaf arrowhead x x x x x
Salvia lyrata + lyre-leaf sage x x x X
Saururus cernuus lizard's tail x x x x X
Senecio aureus+ golden ragwort X x x x x X
Senna marilandica Maryland wild senna x x X x x
Silphium perJoliatum cup plant x x x x x x
SolidaRo caesia bluestem goldenrod x x x x x x
rough-stemmed
SolidaRo ruRosa+ goldenrod X X X X X
SolidaRo sempervirens seaside goldenrod x x x x x x
Tradescantia
virf!iniana Virginia spiderwort x x x x x x
Viola pedata bird's foot violet x x x x x
Yuccafilamentosa common yucca X x x x
Ferns
Onoclea sensibilis+ sensitive fern x x x x x x
Osmunda cinnamomea cinnamon fern x x x x x x
Grasses, sedges,
rushes
ARrostis perennans autumn bentgrass X X X X X X X
Andropogon Rerardii big bluestem X X X X X X X X
Andropogon
Rlomera tus bushy bluestem x x x x x x
AndropoRon virf!inicus broomsedge X X X X X X X
ZMA-04-024
Old Trail Village
79
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Carex crinita var.
crinita long hair sedge x x x X x X X
Carex lurida sallow sedge X x x X X X
Carex stricta tussock sedge X x x x X x
Danthonia sericea silky oatgrass x X x x x x
Danthonia svicata poverty oat grass X x x x x x x
Dichanthelium
clandestinum deer-tongue x x x x x x x x
Dulichium
arundinaceum dwarf bamboo x x x x x x
Elvmus hvstrix bottlebrush grass x x X x X x x
Juncus canadensis Canada rush x x x x x x
Juncus effusus soft rush x x x x x x
Leersia orvzoides rice cutgrass x x x x x x
Panicum virf!atum switch grass x x X x x x x x
Saccharum f!if!anteum giant plume grass x x x x x x x
Schizachyrium
scoparium little bluestem x x x x x x x X
Scirpus cvverinus wool grass bulrush x x x x x x X
Sorf!hastrum nutans Indian grass x x X x x x x x
Tridens flavus redtop x x x x x x x x
Tripsacum dactvloides gama grass x x x x x x x x
Shrubs
Aronia arbutifolia red chokeberry x x x x x x
Aronia melanocarva black chokeberry x x x x x x x
Ceanothus american us New Jersey tea x x x x x X
Cornus amomum silky dogwood x x x x x x
Rhododendron
catawbiense Catawba rhododendron x x x x x
Rhododendron
viscosum swamp azalea x x x x x x
Rubus allef!heniensis Alleghany blackberry x x x x x
Salix humilis prairie willow x x x x
Salix sericea silky willow x x x x x
Sambucus canadensis common elderberry X X X X X x
Small trees
Amelanchier arborea downy serviceberry x x x x x x
Amelanchier
canadensis Canada serviceberry x x x x x x
Cercis canadensis redbud (Eastern) x x x x x
Chionanthus virf!inicus fringetree x x x x
Rhus f!labra smooth sumac x x x x x x
ZMA-04-024
Old Trail Village
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Rhus hirta staghorn sumac I x I x I X I I I I X I X I I
Medium & Large
Trees
DiosDvros vir~iniana persimmon x x x x x x x x
Liquidambar
styraciflua+ sweetgum x X x x x x x
Nvssa svlvatica black gum x x x x x X
Prunus serotina + wild black cherry x x x x X
Quercus coccinea scarlet oak x x x x X
Quercus falcata Southern red oak x x x x x x X
Ouercus ilicifolia bear oak x x x X
Quercus montana chestnut oak x x x x X
Quercus stellata post oak x x x x X
Quercus velutina black oak x x x x x
Robinia Dseudoacacia black locust x x x X
Sassafras albidum sassafras x x x x x
+ May be aggressive in garden setting.
ZMA-04-024
Old Trail Village
81
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Native Ferns, Grasses and Vines
Scientific Name Common Name Uses Li2ht Moisture
W H C D S P F L M H
Ferns and Fern Allies
Adiantum pedatum maidenhair fern x x x x
Asplenium platyneuron ebony spleenwort x x x x
Athyrium asplenioides
(A. filix-femina) Southern ladyfern x x x x x
Botrychium
vir~inianum Rattlesnake fern x x x x x
Dennstaedtia
punctilobula+ hay-scented fern x x x x X
Dryopteris intermedia everg;reen wood-fern x x x x x x X
Dryopteris mar~ina/is marginal shield-fern x x x x X
Onoclea sensibilis+ sensitive fern x x x x x x
Osmunda cinnamomea cinnamon fern x x x x x x
Osmunda re~alis royal fern X X X X X
Polystichium
acrostichoides Christmas fern x x x x
ThelVlJteris lJalustris marsh fern x x x x x
Woodwardia vir~inica+ Virginia chain fern X X X X X X X
Grasses, sed2es, and reeds
Azrostis perennans autumn bentg;rass x x x x x x x
AndrolJogon ~erardii big bluestem x x x x x x x x
Andropogon
~lomeratus bushy bluestem X X X X X X
Andropo~on vir~inicus brooms edge x x x x x x x
Arundinaria zizantea wild cane, river cane x x x x x x x X
Carex crinita var.
crinita long hair sedge x x x x x x x
Carex lurida sallow sedge x x x x x X
Carex vensvlvanica Pennsylvania sedge x x x x x x X
Carex lJlanta~inea plantain-leaved sedge x x x X
Carex stricta tussock sedge x x x x x x
Chasmanthium
latifolium (Uniola l.) river oats, spanglegrass x x x x x x
Danthonia sericea silkv oatg;rass X X X X X x
Danthonia svicata poverty oatgrass x x x x x x x
Dichanthe/ium
clandestinum deer-tongue x x x x x x x x
ZMA-04-024
Old Trail Village
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Dichanthelium
commutatum variable panicgrass x x x x x x x x
Dulichium
arundinaceum dwarf bamboo x x x x x x
Elymus hystrix (Hystrix
patula) bottlebrush grass x x X x x x x
Elymus vir~inicus Virginia wild rye X X X X X x
Juncus canadensis Canada rush x x x x x x
Juncus ('!ffusus soft rush x x x x x x
Leersia oryzoides rice cutgrass X X X X X x
Panicum vir~atum switch grass x x X x x x x x
Saccharum giganteum
(Erianthus ~i~anteus) giant plume grass x x x x x x x
Schizachyrium
scoparium little bluestem x x x x x x x X
Scirpus cyperinus wool grass bulrush x x x x x x x
Sor~hastrum nutans Indian grass x x X x x x x x
Sparganium
americanum American bur-reed x x x x x
Tridens jl.avus redtop x x x x x x x x
Tripsacum dactyloides gama grass x x X x x x x x
Typha latifolia broad-leaved cattail x x x x x
Vines
Bif!nonia cap reo lata crossvme X X X X X X
Celastrus scandens climbing bittersweet x x x x x x
Clematis vir~iniana virgin's bower x x x x
Gelsemium
sempervirens Carolina jessamine x x x x x x x x
Lonicera sempervirens trumpet honeysuckle x x x x
Parthenocissus
quinqu~rolia Virginia creeper X X X X X x
+ May be aggressive in garden setting.
* Due to the rarity and sensitivity of habitat in Virginia, these species are recommended for
horticultural use only. Planting these species in natural areas could be detrimental to the survival
of native populations.
ZMA-04-024
Old Trail Village
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Recommended Uses Native Regions
Minimum Light
Requirements
Riparian Vegetation Zones
W = Wildlife M = Mountains
S = Full Shade
1 = Emergent
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H = Horticulture and
Landscaping
C = Conservation and C = Coastal
Restoration Plain
P = Piedmont
P = Partial Sun
2 = Riverside Thicket
F = Full Sun
3 = Saturated Thicket
D = Domestic
Livestock
Forage
4 = Well-drained Forest
Native Riparian Plants
Common
Scientific Name Name Uses Lh~ht Zone
W H C D S P F 1 2 3 4
Herbaceous plants
Acorus americanus (A.
calamus) sweet flag x x x x x
Amsonia
tabernaemontana blue star X X X X x
Jack-in-the-
Arisaema triphvllum pulpit X X X X
Asarum canadense+ wild ginger x x x x
swamp
Asclepias incarnata milkweed x x x x x x x
flat-top white
Aster umbellatus aster x X x X x
nodding
Bidens cernua+ beggar-ticks x x x x x x X
Chamaecrista
fasciculata+ oartridge oea X X X
white
Chelone f!.labra turtlehead X x x x x x
Chrysogonum green and
virf!.inianum gold x X x X
Coreopsis tripteris tall coreopsis x x x x x x x
dwarf
Delphinium tricorne larkspur X X X X
Dutchman's
Dicentra cucullaria breeches x x x
ZMA-04-024
Old Trail Village
84
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horsetail,
ECluisetum hvemale scouring rush x x x x x x x
Eupatorium
coelestinum mistflower x x x x X X X X
Eupatorium fistulosum Joe pye weed X X X X X X X X
Eupatorium common
perfoliatum boneset x x x x x x
Helenium autumnale sneezeweed x x x x x x x X
ten-petaled
Helianthus decapetalus sunflower x x x x x x x
oxeye
Heliopsis helianthoides sunflower x x x x x x x
Eastern
Hibiscus moscheutos rosemallow x x x x x x
Virginia blue
Iris virrdnica flag x x x x x x
Lilium SUTJerbum Turk's cap lily x x x x x
cardinal
Lobelia cardinalis flower x x x x x x x x
great blue
Lobelia siTJhilitica lobelia x x x x x x x
false
Maianthemum Solomon's
racemosa seal x x x x x x
Virginia
Mertensia virf!inica bluebells x x x x x x
Mimulus rinf!ens monkeyflower x x x x x x
American
Nymphaea odorata water lily x x x x x
Oenothera fruticosa sundrops x x x x x x x x
Peltandra virf!inica arrow arum X x x x x x x
woodland
Phlox divaricata phlox x x x x x
Phlox TJaniculata summer phlox x x x x x x
Podophyllum
peltatum + mayapple x x x x x x
Polemonium reptans Jacob's ladder x x x x
Pontederia cordata pickerel weed x x x x x
Virginia
meadow-
Rhexia virf!inica beauty x x x x
cut-leaved
Rudbeckia laciniata coneflower x x x x x x x x
broadleaf
Saf!ittaria latifolia arrowhead x x x x x X
Saururus cernuus lizard's tail x x x x x x
ZMA-04-024
Old Trail Village
85
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golden
Senecio aureus+ ragwort X X X X X X X
rough-
stemmed
SolidaJ!o ru~osa+ goldenrod X X X X X X X
Verbena hastata blue vervain X X X X X X
Vernonia New York
noveboracensis ironweed X X X X X X X X
marsh blue
Viola cucul/ata violet X X X X X X
Viola pubescens yellow violet X X X X X X
Zephranthes atamasco Atamasco lily X X X X X X X
Ferns and fern allies
Southern
Athyrium asplenioides ladyfern X X X X X
Botrychium Rattlesnake
virRinianum fern X X X X
Onoclea sensibilis+ sensitive fern X X X X X X
Osmunda cinnamomea cinnamon fern X X X X X X
Osmunda reRalis royal fern X X X X X
Polystichium Christmas
acrostichoides fern X X X X
Thelypteris palustris marsh fern X X X X X X
Woodwardia Virginia chain
virginica+ fern X X X X X X X
(;rasses,sedges,reeds
autumn
ARrostis perennans bentgrass X X X X X X X X
AndropoRon f?erardii big bluestem X X X X X X X X
Andropogon bushy
glomeratus bluestem X X X X X
Carex crinita var. long hair
crinita sedge X X X X X X X X
Carex lurida sallow sedge X X x X X X X
Carex stricta tussock sedge X X X X X X X
Chasmanthium river oats,
latifolium spanglegrass X X X X X X X X
Dichanthe/ium
clandestinum deer-tongue X X X X X X X X X
Dichanthe/ium variable
commutatum panic grass X X X X X X X
Du/ichium
arundinaceum dwarf bamboo X X X X X X X X
ZMA-04-024
Old Trail Village
86
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Elymus hystrix bottlebrush
(Hvstrix patula) grass x x x x x x
Virginia wild
Elymus virf!inicus rye x x X X X X X
Juncus canadensis Canada rush X X X X X X X
Juncus effusus soft rush X X X X X X X
Leersia oryzoides rice cutgrass x X x x x x x
Panicum virf!atum switch grass x x x x x x x x
giant
Saccharum f!if!anteum plume grass x x x x x x x x
woolgrass
Scirpus cvperinus bulrush x x x x x x x x
Sparganium American
americanum bur-reed x x x x x
Tripsacum dactyloides gama grass x x x x x x x x x x
broad-leaved
Typha latifolia cattail x x x x
Vines
Biznonia capreolata crossvme x x X X X X X
climbing
Celastrus scandens bittersweet x x x x x x
Clematis virziniana virgin's bower x x x x x x x
P arthenocissus Virginia
quinauefolia creeper X X X X X X X x
Shrubs
Alnus serrulata common alder x x x x x x x x x
red
Aronia arbutifolia chokeberry x x x x x x x
black
Aronia melanocarpa chokeberry x x x x x x x
Cephalanthus
occidentalis buttonbush x x x x x x
silky
Cornus amomum dogwood x x x x x x
Hydrangea wild
arborescens hydrangea x x x x
Ilex decidua possumhaw x x x x x x x x
Ilex verticillata winterberry x x x x x x x x
fetterbush,
Leucothoe racemosa sweetbells X X X X X X
Lindera benzoin spicebush x x x x x x
Rhododendron
viscosum swamp azalea x x x x x x
Alleghany
Rubus allezheniensis blackberry X X X X X X X
ZMA-04-024
Old Trail Village
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Salix sericea silky willow x x x x x X
common
Sambucus canadensis elderberry x X X X X X X
Vaccinium highbush
corymbosum blueberry X X X X X X X X X
So. arrow-
wood
Viburnum dentatum viburnum x x x x x
black-haw
Viburnum prunifolium viburnum x x x x x
Small trees
downy
Amelanchier arborea serviceberry x x x x x x
Amelanchier Canada
canadensis serviceberry x x x x x x x
Asimina tri/oba paw paw x X X X X X x
alternate-leaf
Cornus alternifolia dogwood x x x x x X
CrateafWs (lava October haw x x x x x
Morus rubra red mulberry x x x x x x x
Eastern hop-
Ostrya virf!iniana hornbeam x x x x
Rhus ~labra smooth sumac x x x x x x
Salix niQra black willow x x x x x x
Medium to Large
Trees
Acer rubrum red maple x x x x x x X
sweet birch,
Betula lenta black birch x x x x x x x
Betula niJ!ra river birch x x x x x x
Diospyros virginiana persimmon x x x x x x x x x
Fraxinus americana white ash x x x x x x x
Fraxinus vensylvanica green ash x x x x x x x
JUfllans niflra black walnut x x x x x x x
Liquidambar
styraciflua sweetgum X X X X X X X X
tulip-tree,
Liriodendron tulipifera tulip poplar x x x x x x
Nyssa sylvatica black gum x x x x x x x x
Oxvdendrum arboreum sourwood x x x x
Pinus taeda loblolly pine x x x x x x x
Platanus occidentalis sycamore x x X x x x
swamp white
Quercus bicolor oak x x x x x x
ZMA-04-024
Old Trail Village
88
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swamp
chestnut oak x x x x x x x
in oak x x x x x x x
willow oak x x x x x x x x
arden settin .
*Due to the rarity and sensitivity of habitat in Virginia, these species are
recommended for horticultural use onl .
Planting these species in natural areas could be detrimental to the survival of
native 0 ulations.
ZMA-04-024
Old Trail Village
89
Ot!) TI{AIL