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SDP201300038 Other 2013-06-24
WILLIAMS M U LLE N Direct Dial:434.951.5709 vlong@williamsnullen.com June 24, 2013 VIA HAND DELIVERY County of Albemarle Department of Community Development 401 McIntire Road Charlottesville, Virginia 22902 RE: Elledge Property/AT&T Site "CV313—Rivanna" Wireless Telecommunications Facility Critical Slopes Waiver Request Dear Plan Reviewer: We are submitting this request on behalf of our client AT&T/New Cingular Wireless PCS, LLC to allow disturbance of a small area of critical slopes for the installation of a proposed wireless telecommunications facility identified as AT&T site"CV 313A—Rivanna." The subject parcel is identified on the County tax maps as parcel 062B 1-00-0E-01100, which is owned by Joan Elledge. This is the same property that was the subject of SDP 2009-00004 Elledge Property, which the Planning Commission approved on February 16, 2010. As part of its approval of SDP 2009-00004,the Planning Commission also approved a critical slope waiver by a vote of 7 to 0. Project History: When the Planning Commission approved SDP 2009-00004 in 2010,the plans were prepared by BC Architects Engineers and were dated August 7, 2009(the "2009 Plans"). Because the Virginia Supreme Court determined in the Sinclair decision that the Planning Commission did not have the authority to approve the critical slope waiver,the approval was determined to be unauthorized. As such, AT&T is now resubmitting the PWSF application, again as a Tier II application, and is hereby resubmitting an updated critical slope waiver application based on an updated version of the plans. The current plans were also prepared by BC Architects Engineers, and are dated June 14, 2013 (the"2013 Plans"). There are a few minor differences between the 2009 Plans and the 2013 Plans, as discussed in greater detail herein. The main difference is a slig_ht modification of the proposed access road,which was modified to minimize the area of isturbance of the critical slopes. The entire area proposed for the facility was re-surveyed'and studied, and as note in e a ched letter from Christopher Morin of BC Architects Engineers PLC,new topography and current CAD software were used to determine the location of the critical slopes. Because the topography is more precise, the extent of the critical slope area is A Professional Corporation NORTH CAROLINA • VIRGINIA • WASHINGTON, D.C. • LONDON 321 East Main St.,Suite 400 Charlottesville,VA 22902-3200 Tel:434.951.5700 Fax:804.783.6507 or 434.817.0977 www.williamsmullen.com WILLIAMS M U LLE N June 24, 2013 Page 2 now more defined. As a result,as noted in Mr. Morin's letter, the area of disturbed critical slopes has increased. Other differences between the 2009 Plans ailc—iffiFlOr3151ans are that the exis mg dnvewa}+ is now pave ,where previously it was gravel, and that the landowner removed one tree that is near the ease area. This removed tree was identified as tree #5 on the 2009 Plans,and its location is shown on the 2013 Plans as a reference. In addition,three very small understory trees were also removed, as shown on the 2013 Plans. These understory trees would not have contributed to the screening of the facility in any way. Finally,to account for the passage of time,AT&T had the trees re-surveyed to determine any tree growth that had occurred since the 2009 Plans. The current tree heights are shown in on sheets 4 of 29 and 7 of 29. erview: The proposed facility consists of a monopole, a 180 square foot elevated equipment platform on four concrete footings and a new gravel road emanating from an existing asphalt road. The size of the disturbed area totals just 2,931. This is a reduction from the total disturbed area shown on the 2009 Plans, which was 3,953 square feet, a reduction of over 1,000 square feet. Of the 2,931 total disturbed square feet,2,316 square feet is in critical slopes. The areas of critical slopes are identified on sheet E&S— 1 (page 18 of 29)on the 2013 Plans. Locating the access road as shown on the 2013 Plans will enable the construction of the road with only minimal disturbance of critical slopes, and it will enable the preservation of tree number 9 and tree number 2 as shown on the 2013 Plans. Rather than installing the ground equipment on a concrete pad, the equipment will be located on an elevated metal platform mounted on concrete piers to minimize the impact on the land since the area around the platform is critical slopes. Construction of the platform will not require any significant grading, for the platform piers will vary in height to compensate for the change in topography. The area of disturbed critical slopes is small and compact,and less than the 10,000 square feet that would otherwise trigger the need for an erosion and sediment control plan. The proposed area of disturbance has been carefully designed to be a small as possible while still accommodating the facility, and is a small percentage of the total size of the parcel. In connection with the 2009 critical slope waiver request,the Planner analyzed the ordinance requirements. While the area of critical slopes disturbed in this 2013 request is larger than in 2009, we contend the staff's conclusions and recommendations are still relevant and applicable to this request, given the relatively small increase in the area. WILLIAMS MULLEN June 24, 2013 Page 3 Consideration of the "Public Health, Safety and Welfare Factors" in Section 4.2.5(a)(1): The five Public Health, Safety and Welfare Factors of Section 4.2.5(a)(1)of the County Zoning Ordinance are addressed as follows: Rapid and/or large scale movement of soil and rock Construction of the wireless facility, including the equipment platform and access road will not require substantial grading,but, rather, it will require only some minimal fill, gentle smoothing and finish grading. The site will be geologically stabilized with erosion control measures as outlined in the 2013 Plans. These measures include: 1. Silt fences to confine fine soil material from the possible surface storm water runoff within the telecommunications facility and access road areas; and 2. Soil stabilization blankets, seeding,mulch, and matting at the areas of disturbed soils. Permanent stabilization of the disturbed areas will be achieved through finish-grading, graveling and grassing/vegetation. Excessive stormwater run-off Overall, the proposed telecommunications facility is calculated to only minimally increase the site's soil permeability and stormwater runoff. Any increase of stormwater runoff will be transported as sheet flow to the surrounding mature wooded areas and will be absorbed back into the soil before exiting the property. Siltation of natural and man-made bodies of water No existing bodies of water have been identified on the subject parcel,but the Rivanna River is located nearby. The proposed telecommunications facility comprises a minute portion of the 2.92 acre parcel, which is largely wooded and contains a modest residence. The proposed soil compaction, geo-synthetic fiber layer and gravel will stabilize the soil at the access road and lease area. This structural stabilization—combined with the extensive,existing vegetation to remain down slope from the facility—will help ensure that no significant amount of silt will enter the nearby Rivanna River. WILLIAMS MULLEN June 24, 2013 Page 4 Loss of aesthetic resource The small areas of critical slopes that would be disturbed for the installation of the telecommunications facility are not located on the Open Space Plan maps. The existing aesthetic resources of the subject parcel reside chiefly in the characteristics of the existing woods and vegetation. There will be no significant loss to these resources. The proposed telecommunications facility would be located within a small clearing within the wooded parcel. All of the existing woods and will remain with only two small understory trees to be removed for this facility. These trees are located near the proposed equipment platform and are significantly shorter than the existing tree canopy; such that they would not be used to screen the tree from adjacent properties. The existing trees to remain will receive tree protection during and after construction as shown on the 2013 Plans, and would be subject to a tree conservation plan as required by the County Zoning Ordinance. The existing tree canopy will provide sufficient screening of the facility from adjacent parcels. Greater travel distance of septic effluent The proposed telecommunications facility will be unmanned, with no septic or plumbing systems. The concerns of this section are not applicable to this request. Therefore,the five Public Health, Safety, and Welfare Factors of Section 4.2.5(a)(1)are satisfied. Section 4.2.5(a)(3) Section 4.2.5(a)(3)allows the Board of Supervisors to waive the restrictions against disturbing critical slopes upon a finding that the waiver would not be detrimental to the public health, safety or welfare,to the orderly development of the area, or to adjacent properties, and would not be contrary to sound engineering practices. Because the proposal demonstrates that the Public Health, Safety and Welfare Factors of Section 4.2.5(a)(1)have been satisfied,the Board can confirm that granting the waiver will not be detrimental to those factors. In addition,the requested waiver will not be detrimental to the orderly development of the area, for it will not cause any interference with existing development, including existing residences. During the 2009 and 2010 review of the SDP 2009-00004,there was never a finding made that the requested critical slope waiver would result in any interference with existing development. WILLIAMS M U LLEN June 24, 2013 Page 5 Nor would the requested waiver be detrimental to adjacent properties, or contrary to sound engineering practices. In addition, Section 4.2.5(a)(3)requires the Board to make at least one of the following findings (in part): a. A strict application of these provisions would not forward the purposes of the Zoning Ordinance or otherwise serve the public health,safety or welfare. The proposed telecommunications facility would be located in a wooded area on the parcel in order to reduce visibility by using the back drop of trees,but also to remain effective. Its location in this area requires fewer disturbances to the land and makes the tower less visible from the surrounding area. Generally, the critical slopes regulations in the Rural Areas are mainly focused toward ensuring that adequate building sites can be attained for dwellings or other uses dependent on sewage systems without large scale, adverse impacts to critical slopes. Section 5.1.40(b)(1)of the Zoning Ordinance provides that"notwithstanding section 4.2.3.1 of this chapter,a [wireless telecommunications] facility may be located in an area on a lot or parcel other than a building site." According to the Zoning Ordinance,therefore,the building site requirements as they relate to critical slopes are less relevant to personal wireless service facilities. The facility is located at a high elevation point on the side of the hill so that it can provide coverage to the surrounding neighborhoods at a height of only 3.8 feet above the top of the reference tree. The numerous tall trees surrounding the facility will provide effective screening of the facility from adjacent properties, and its design and materials colors will enable it to blend into the existing wooded area, further mitigating visibility. The proposed facility will comply with the requirements for mitigating visual impacts of treetop wireless telecommunications facilities. This particular site was located within the parcel to take advantage of an existing driveway to access the lease area for the wireless facility, and will require only a short extension of the driveway. The path of the driveway extension was carefully selected to disturb the smallest area of critical slopes as possible. The precise location of the proposed facility enables it to meet the requirements of Section 5.1.40 of the Zoning Ordinance and to comply with the provisions and goals of the County's Personal Wireless Services Facility Policy. An important component of a minimally visible wireless facility is, in addition to its design and color,that it be located whenever possible on the side of a hill and not on the top of a hill or ridgeline, so that there is a backdrop of trees behind the facility, or so that the facility does not protrude WILLIAMS MULLEN June 24, 2013 Page 6 excessively above the top of the trees. This application employs that technique in that it is not located at the high point of the hill,but rather slightly down the hill. This enables the facility to utilize the surrounding trees to screen it from nearby residences and adjacent properties. But its location slightly down the hill requires that a small area of critical slopes be disturbed to accommodate the facility with the minimal amount of visibility. The location also enables the proposed facility to be located within a small clearing within a large wooded area, and for it to be technologically effective at a height of 3.8 feet above the reference tree. The precise location enables the facility to comply with the setback requirements in the Zoning Ordinance that require the monopole to be set back from adjacent property lines by a distance equal to the height of the monopole. This location also avoids the need to remove any tall trees,and allows the facility to be installed with minimal impact on the land while disturbing only a small area of critical slopes. Other locations within the parcel would require disturbing larger areas of critical slopes,a longer access road, and likely the removal of trees, and such locations would likely not provide the same level of screening of the facility from adjacent residences. The use of an elevated equipment platform will further minimize any impact on the critical slopes. Therefore, strict applications of Section 4.2 would not forward the purposes of the Albemarle County Code or the Personal Wireless Services Facility Policy, or otherwise serve the public health, safety or welfare. b. Alternatives proposed by the developer or subdivider would satisfy the intent and purposes of Section 4.2 at least to an equivalent degree. As noted herein,the applicant has proposed a number of measures as part of the proposed wireless facility and waiver application to ensure that the adverse impacts often associated with disturbing critical slopes will not occur. Among these are the use of an elevated platform rather than a concrete pad, silt fences to confine fine soil material from the possible surface storm water runoff within the telecommunications facility and access road areas, and soil stabilization blankets, seeding, mulch, and matting at the areas of disturbed soils. These measures will satisfy the intent and purpose of Section 4.2 at least to an equivalent degree. In addition, if the Board approves the waiver and the Tier II PWSF is approved,the addition of the PWSF and the regulations that govern such facilities will actually satisfy the intent and purpose of Section 4.2 far better than would strict application of Section 4.2. Section 5.1.40(c)(5) of the County wireless telecommunications ordinance provides WILLIAMS M U LLE N June 24, 2013 Page 7 that trees within 100 feet of the lease area of a PWSF cannot be removed unless they are shown on the plans for removal, or otherwise authorized by the agent. This is far more stringent that what is normally allowed in an RA district with regard to tree removal. In an RA district,trees can be removed without any permits provided that the area is not in critical slopes. If it is in critical slopes,the trees can be removed so long as the stumps are not grinded out(because that constitutes disturbance of the critical slopes). Right now, the landowner has the legal right to timber the property without the need for any government approvals, so long as she does not grind up the stumps. Thus, if the Board approves the critical slopes waiver to allow the installation of the wireless facility,the landowner is giving up the right to cut those trees within 100 feet of the lease area. Therefore, not only will the alternatives proposed by the applicant satisfy the intent and purpose of Section 4.2 at least to an equivalent degree,the proposal will actually significantly exceed the intent and purpose of Section 4.2. c. Due to its unusual size,topography, shape of the property,location of the property or other unusual conditions,excluding the proprietary interest of the developer,the requirements of section 4.2 would effectively prohibit or unreasonably restrict the use of the property or would result in significant degradation of the site or adjacent properties. The subject parcel is wooded but has sloping terrain. It is well-suited for a wireless telecommunications facility in that it is wooded and located at a high elevation point, which provides for an effective signal quality and visual screening. Strict application of the requirements of section 4.2 would prohibit the applicant from being able to locate the facility in the location on the property that provides the best balance of minimal impact on the land,visual screening of the facility (including its ground equipment), compliance with setback requirements, use of an existing driveway to access the lease area, and avoiding tree removal. It would also require the facility to be located closer to the existing residence on site to avoid the areas of critical slopes, which would have an adverse impact of making the facility significantly more visible to adjacent residential properties and to motorists and pedestrians along Key West Drive in front of the property. In its current location the ground equipment and the base of the pole will be screened from Key West Drive by the natural terrain and the existing vegetation, and will be largely screened from the residences on either side of the subject parcel by existing vegetation and proposed additional landscaping, and by the careful location of the facility and its design and colors. Thus, due to the parcel's unusual topography the application of the strict requirements of Section 4.2 would unreasonably restrict the installation of a telecommunications facility on this subject parcel. The siting of the telecommunications facility was specifically WILLIAMS M U LLE N June 24, 2013 Page 8 chosen to reduce the visibility of the monopole from the surrounding area, including adjacent residences. d. Granting such modification or waiver would serve a public purpose of greater import than would be served by strict application of section 4.2. Wireless telecommunications facilities are an important utility for the public to provide reliable mobile phone coverage for emergency purposes as well as an important utility for emergency personnel who commonly locate their own equipment on the monopoles. In addition,Albemarle County citizens are increasingly relying on wireless telecommunications services for everyday use, for internet services, and for use in their businesses. In this particular instance,the siting of this monopole on the side of a hill will mitigate potential visual impacts to the public, including adjacent parcels. Thus, it will enable the public to benefit from the wireless telecommunications services without the facility having an adverse visual impact. The precise location will also enable the facility to comply with the goals and requirements of the County's Personal Wireless Services Facility Policy, and other goals of the Comprehensive Plan. The relatively small area of critical slopes that are disturbed, when coupled with the absence of any expected adverse impacts, and the significant public benefits that the wireless facility will provide, demonstrate that granting the waiver will serve a public purpose of greater import than would be served by strict application of the requirements of section 4.2. Therefore, although Section 4.2.5(a)(3)only requires the Board of Supervisors to make one of the findings in items(a) through(d),we contend that the Board can make a finding with regard to all four of the criteria. Conclusion: Because all of the required findings necessary for a waiver to be granted have been demonstrated, we respectfully request that the Board grant the requested waiver. Many of the concerns associated with the disturbance of critical slopes and the criteria for evaluating a critical slopes waiver are considered and addressed generally through the existing Personal Wireless Service Facilities Ordinance requirements, such as the requirements for tree conservation plans, finished grades, and sound construction techniques. The proposed telecommunications facility would be located in a small clearing within a heavily wooded area using a short access road (a portion of which already exists), and,because of the siting,has a number of trees nearby to reduce its visibility. The use of the elevated equipment platform instead of a concrete pad will further reduce the impact on the critical slopes. WILLIAMS MULLEN June 24, 2013 Page 9 For all of the reasons stated above, we contend that this request for a critical slope waiver should be granted. We appreciate your thoughtful consideration of this request. Please contact me if you have any questions or need any additional information. Sincerely, V;tttAi.{/ /(,1 - --- Valerie W. Long 22006571 I DOC 1 t t 1 t l y 1 y, 5 \ j • / r1 , t -!, , t . 1J . ti , r / e ,r \ f ., (V .1 ' ' # ,, { ' -i ,... `• t� ' .� � r, k r ' �f, �LF L'p Balloon test conducted on 3/14/13 ! l / Flown at 97 5' t II J �!'' Photo taken near Watercrest Drive looking • ' �,+ 47 � s��- s. southeast - _. -- ,,..11 hip ii4, WA i _yam . t r, ir. • X 4-,,,- -.. - 4.... •• • . ' \. .` -a i 'If J t • taw le • h. r. : II, 03 / 14 / 2013 _ , . le . 1 ...7:......., , 4.'3.111iillrit011 I V AI-.4"....- • ' -.7C--', - - . ' - • lgirfr- . Or ' -• ' — 411i)./...... - -- . — gri Pr, 0................. . . , _ ‘ ,.. 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Geotechnical and Construction Materials Testing Services March 5,2010 John McCleskey GA TOWER,LLC 20843 Sandstone Square Sterling,VA 20165 Re: Submittal of Resistivity Testing Rivanna Tower(Site#CV313A) Charlottesville,Virginia GeoTechnologies Project No. 1-10-0101-EA Dear Mr.McCleskey: GeoTechnologies, Inc. has completed resistivity testing for the above referenced tower. The resistivity testing was completed utilizing a portable NILSSON Resistivity Meter utilizing a 4-pin Weener Array Configuration at the tower location. Five arrays were run extending as shown in the attached figure. The results of the resistivity testing are included on the attached Pre-Installation Test Report. In summary, resistivity values on the site varied from approximately 95,750 to 597,480 ohm/cm. The resistivity values measured in the field by GeoTechnologies can be used by the tower designer to determine the most appropriate grounding system for the tower. GeoTechnologies, Inc. appreciates the opportunity to have provided you with our services on this project. Please contact us if you should have questions regarding this report or if we may be of any further assistance. Sincerely, GeoTechnologies,Inc. mix 0; /11 4471.7 l� David L. Israel,P.E. r_ VA Registration No.20298 Lp>,,%D L ISRAEL 5- DLI/1am 020201 Attachments 4.11 `e ckO L:\1100101EA\1100101ea-Resis.docx y E;SSI)NA tt�+�� ' 3e sivrc' 3200 Wellington Court,Suite 108 •Raleigh, North Carolina 27615•Phone 919-954-1514•Fax 919-954-1428•www.geotechpa.com GA Tower,LLC Re: Rivanna Tower(Site#CV3 13A) March 5,2010 Page: 2 APPENDIX A PRE-INSTALLATION TEST REPORT 1. Site Name: Rivanna Tower(Site#C313A) 2. Site Address: 415 Key West Drive,Charlottesville,VA 3. Date of Resistivity Test: 03/02/10 4. Report Prepared By: GeoTechnologies,Inc.,P.A. 5. Give a two to three sentence description of the earth/dirt as seen at this site: Near surface sand,transitioning to shallow weathered rock 6. Soil Condition: X Wet Damp Dry X Sandy Soil Clay/Loamy Soil Rocky Solid Rock 8. Weather for 7 days preceding the test: Cold and overcast,scattered rain and snow over thepast week. 9. Model number of test instrument: NILSSON Model 400 10. Serial number of test instrument: S/N 4/9130 1 l. Signature of Engineer: GeoTechnologies,Inc www.geotechpa.com RESISTIVITY DATA Site: Rivanna Tower Date 3/2/10 Signiture. 1 4--- ___-fc ----V4_,Lej A= (Ft) 5 10 20 30 40 Formula P= (OHM-CM) 957 5*R 1915*R 3830*R 5745*R 7660*R Area 1 Measured R 110 70 55 54 62 Area 1 Calc p 105325 134050 210650 310230 474920 Area 2 Measured R 120 92 83 80 78 Area 2 Calc p 114900 176180 317890 459600 597480 Area 3 Measured R 100 88 64 60 78 Area 3 Calc p 95750 168520 245120 344700 597480 Area 4 Measured R 350 250 101 95 74 Area 4 Calc p 335125 478750 386830 545775 566840 Area 5 Measured R 420 300 150 100 66 Area 5 Calc p 402150 574500 574500 574500 505560 LEGEND NEW FENCE - - // 0 EXIST. FENCE —X X—X— / \ \ NOTE: SETBACK — — -' `\ All EXCIVA110N WORK AM AIL CONS1RUC1 l ACIM11 ON THIS EASEMENT // ,' \ MULCT ARE To BE MK N X WOW USING MIT EAASIEG OR ``� EO'EO3EMCOs LEASE — — — ' �\ PROPERTY UNE — — — Cie;b. ' ADM C.MIME \\`\ \\ EXIST.CONTOUR KEY REST CLUB I i PP D 062111000EBi I00 \ PAMA 06 RURAL 000100 / ZOYREG RURAL AREA `�\ \ NEW CONTOUR ZONING:RURAL MtEA \ TYP. BUILDING I I ../"... ` / \\�A TIP. ROAD / ? \/�J NEMRORNATMMS1G0 / PR' OSAIS AROPOLE PIRCELZ000:RUR DGED12W / PROPOSED POLE `\\ EOM:RURAL AREA %PROPOSED AT&T 2O',. (EASE PROPOSED AT&T 10.3.-2' -'--- STEEL POLE PAWED OM . \ �\ PADPDSFD AT&T EOIIPIE T C/AIE7T d"w - - EXISTING TREE TD `\ \ ON AR IO,IR S7RIIL OJO gm . •� RE1WN(TAP.) \ PIAF0161 SOUATED Mill TREE4111111h'aL- / U(.C).GOI IS N ```. // \\ PROPOSED\ .P \\ REFERENCE TREE(/1l \\ / / ilk �`3 \ i �a a'NC CRAVII DAMRAY // ® raN' uric DOG HOUSE • ;\`•\ \\;,�. �:� BE RETPOED i:�y PROPOSED MSfsARAIET2C AT&T., � z•� x 3. . -�A .� o. PROPOSED 12.KC �- -_.� .10. . / / GRAVEL ACCESS WO MO DEMO TREES \. /{\\ IN THIS AREA ,� / / \ PAR BRURAL 0-01100 PROPOSED AT&T TOWER SMOCK / EONING:RURAL AREA (I TO 1•IS-2l \ 11 / \ J DAVID SR&OFANOR P C CIEY �I' / a„ ORAfNAY \ PARCEL ID OGRE ORO C 1021 w O PN2 ENNO,1-00 T t BIJO 0 \POWER& R JR ZONiA*RDW!MG0,1 'y i / 34 SCALE IN FEET i / In SITE PLAN CA 0 30 60 120 180 TRUE NORTH SE 1" ' a /f/ SN of z PROJECT: SCALE: Not to Scale \. . Rivanna Tower JOB No: 1-10-0101-EA L ,/o :�:..:•:.:::�•• GeoTechnologies,Inc. FIGURE Charlottesville, Virginia No: 1 GeoTechnologies,Inc. Geotechnical and Construction Materials Testing Services March 5,2010 John McCleskey GEORGIA TOWERS,LLC 20843 Sandstone Square Sterling,VA 20165 Re: Report of Subsurface Investigation Proposed 103 Foot Monopole Communication Tower Rivanna(Site#CV313A) Charlottesville,Virginia GeoTechnologies Project No. 1-10-0101-EA Gentlemen: GeoTechnologies, Inc. has completed the authorized subsurface investigation to evaluate foundation support conditions for a proposed monopole communication tower to be constructed at 415 Key West Drive in Charlottesville, Virginia. Subsurface conditions at the site were investigated by completing one soil test boring at the proposed tower center.The boring was advanced to a depth of about 40 feet below existing ground surface utilizing standard penetration test procedures at selected intervals to evaluate the consistency and density of the subsurface soils. This report presents the findings of the investigation and our recommendations for foundation support based upon these findings. SITE AND PROJECT DESCRIPTION The proposed project site for the new monopole tower is located at 415 Key West Drive in Charlottesville,Virginia.At the time of our investigation,the area of the tower was wooded and undeveloped. The project will involve construction of a 103 foot monopole tower.No detailed information concerning compressive,uplift,moment,or lateral loads was available at this time. SUBSURFACE CONDITIONS A generalized subsurface profile prepared from the test boring data is attached to this report as Figure 2 to graphically illustrate subsurface conditions encountered at this site. More detailed descriptions of the conditions encountered at the test boring location are then presented on the attached test boring record. 3200 Wellington Court, Suite 108 • Raleigh North Carolina 27615• Phone 919-954-1514 •Fax 919-954-1428 •www.geotechpa corn Georgia Towers,LLC Re: Rivanna(Site#CV313A) March 5,2010 Page: 2 Subsurface conditions at the site were characterized by near surface topsoil which extended to approximately 3 to 4 inches below existing grade. The topsoil was underlain by residual soils which have formed in place by weathering of the parent bedrock. The residual soils consisted of loose to dense silty sands which extended to 5 feet below grade and had penetration resistances ranging from 4 to in excess of 35 blows per foot(bpf).Below 5 feet,the soils transition into partially weathered rock(PWR).PWR is defined as material which could be penetrated with the soil drilling augers but which exhibited penetration resistances in excess of 100 bpf.The PWR was continuous to a depth of 39.1 feet,the boring termination depth. Groundwater was not encountered in the boring at the time of boring completion. However, the near surface soils are fine grain materials which are conducive to the development of a temporarily higher perched groundwater condition. Additionally, regional groundwater levels will fluctuate with seasonal and climatic changes and may be different at other times. RECOMMENDATIONS The following recommendations are made based upon a review of the attached test boring data, our understanding of the proposed construction,and past experience with similar projects and subsurface conditions. Should subsurface conditions adverse to those indicated by this report be encountered during construction,those differences should be reported to us for review and comment. Tower Support Considerations. GeoTechnologies evaluated use of both a mat foundation and drilled caisson for support of the proposed monopole communication tower. Mat Foundation Considerations. The subsurface conditions on this site appear suitable for support of the tower utilizing a mat foundation. The foundation can be sized for a maximum allowable bearing pressure of 4,000 psf for bearing within dense sands below 3 feet. However, if the mat is extended to bear on the PWR at 5 feet below grade, the contact pressure can be increased to 10,000 psf. The foundation should be embedded at least 3 feet below grade. Foundation excavations should be cut vertical if possible which will allow for developing an ultimate passive resistance as shown on the attached Figure 3. Additionally, the foundations will also resist lateral loads by developing friction along the base of the footing. We recommend utilizing a friction factor of 0.4 for calculating additional resistance to sliding along the base of the foundation. For sizing footings against uplift, we recommend that the weight of the concrete plus any soil above the neatline limits of the foundation be set exactly equal to the design uplift and that the factor of safety be provided by concrete to soil and soil to soil shear. The unit weights presented on the attached Table 1 should be utilized for calculating uplift resistance. The attached Figure 4 provides an estimate of settlement for a mat foundation designed for a contact pressure of 4,000 psf, bearing at 3 feet in the residual soils. Generally, it has been our experience that mat foundations are oversized for resisting overturning and that contact pressures can be significantly lower. foundations bearing in PWR will experience negligible settlements. If a mat is utilized which is bearing on PWR, the mat dimensions could be minimized to accommodate the small compound size and additional moment for overturning resisted utilizing rock anchors. Rock anchors could be designed utilizing a rock to concrete shear strength of 50 psi. We recommend that the upper 3 feet of PWR be neglected from the calculations to account for the higher weathering near the surface. If rock anchors are utilized, we recommend that they be load tested to twice the design capacity. GeoTechnologies,Inc. '� }� www geotechpa corn Georgia Towers,LLC Re: Rivanna(Site#CV313A) March 5,2010 Page: 3 Drilled Caissons. A drilled caisson may also be used and based on our experience with similar size towers, we anticipate that the length and size of the caisson foundation will be controlled by moment and lateral loads. The subsurface conditions encountered at this site consist of residual soils and PWR which should provide adequate support for a caisson foundation. The attached Table 1 presents ultimate soil strength parameters which can be utilized for calculating uplift resistance. Figure 5 presents the anticipated ultimate skin friction (cumulative) capacity for a caisson with a surface area of one square foot per foot of embedment. Multiplying the actual surface area(in square feet for one foot of embedment) by the skin friction at the desired depth from Figure 5 will provide the total ultimate skin friction for any size caisson. In addition to utilizing skin friction, we also recommend including the weight of the shaft for evaluating resistance to uplift. To design caissons for compressive loads, we recommend utilizing the skin friction capacity calculated utilizing the attached Figure 5. Additionally, if the base of the caisson is cleaned up with a clean-out bucket, an end bearing contribution of 10,000 psf can be used. If a caisson is used, the contractor should plan on using a large caisson rig with rock augers to penetrate the PWR. Even with rock augers, hard drilling should be expected and a series of progressively larger rock augers may be needed to ream out a smaller pilot hole. However, based on the standard penetration test data a rock auger on a large caisson rig should be able to penetrate the PWR. The foundation must provide adequate lateral load support. Our experience has been that monopole tower foundations are usually governed by moment and lateral loads, and therefore a lateral load analysis should be performed. General Construction Considerations for Equipment Building. In addition to the proposed tower,a small equipment building will be constructed adjacent to the tower. The soils within the upper 3 feet consist of loose sands which will require some repair in order to provide suitable support. Those materials can be undercut and recompacted or undercut and replaced with a material such as uniformly graded washed stone. Following repair, we recommend that foundations for the building be designed for a maximum allowable bearing pressure of 3,000 psf provided wall footings have minimum widths of not less than 16 inches and are embedded a minimum of 24 inches below finished grade for frost protection. If a turned down slab type foundation is utilized, we recommend that it be designed for an assumed subgrade modulus of 100 pci. If new fill is required in order to prepare the building pad location,we recommend that the fill materials be compacted to not less than 95%of the standard Proctor maximum dry density.Additionally,prior to construction of the building pad,we recommend it be prepared by stripping off all topsoil and vegetation and that the exposed subgrade be proofrolled with a partially loaded dump truck to verify that no soft areas exist. SUMMARY In summary, subsurface conditions at this site appear suitable for support of the proposed tower on a mat foundation or drilled caisson. The proposed equipment building can be supported on a conventional turned down slab or shallow footings following repair of the loose sands in the upper 3 feet. GeoTechnologies,Inc. www geotechpa corn Georgia Towers,LLC Re: Rivanna(Site#CV313A) March 5,2010 Page: 4 GeoTechnologies,Inc.appreciates the opportunity to provide you with our services during this phase of the project. Please contact us if you should have questions regarding this report or if we may be of further assistance. Sincerely, GeoTechnologies,Inc. David L.Israel,P.E. VA Registration No.2020fi LIMO L (�^�,�, , L DLI/pr-ebh/lam `' Attachments 0202 L:\1100101EA\1100101ea-Sub.docx 467 ;l MA Ott GeoTechnologies,Inc. www geotechpa corn TEST BORING RECORD DEPTH DESCRIPTION ELEVATION PENETRATION BLOWS PER (FT.) (FT.) (BLOWS/FT.) SIX INCHES 00 0 10 20 40 60 100 Nim 0.3 \Topsoil /SM Loose Brown Silty Fine SAND ;. ' 1-2-2 4.5 5.0 Dense Light Gray Silty Fme to Medium SAND -SM - - Partially Weathered Rock-Sampled as Gray,Pink 7-37-50/4" • &Brown SILT 4 50/3 5" A 4 •A 50/3" 4 A 4 A • 50/2 5" D 4 A 4 D 4 • 50/2 5" A 4 A 4 • 4 50/1" A 4 A 4 A 4 50/4" A 4 4 • 50/1" 4 A 4 D F 39 1 4 • Boring terminated at 39.1' 50/1" 0 Dry at time of boring. JOB NUMBER 1-10-0101-EA BORING NUMBER B- 1 DATE 3-1-10 % GeoTechnologies,Inc. PAGE 1 OF 1 Georgia Towers,LLC Re: Rivanna(Site#CV313A) March 5,2010 Page: 5 TABLE 1 RECOMMENDED ULTIMATE SOIL STRENGTH PARAMETERS Rivanna Tower(Site#CV313A) Charlottesville,Virginia GeoTechnologies Project No. 1-10-0101-EA Unified Soil Moist Unit Friction Cohesion Depth (ft) Angle k(pci) e50 Classification Weight(pcf) (psi) (Degrees) 0.0 -4.5 SM 110 29 0 30 - 4.5 - 5.0 SM 120 32 0 90 - 5.0-40.0 PWR* 135 0 5,000 - 0.005 *Partially Weathered Rock GeoTechnologies,Inc. www geotechpa corn GENERALIZED SUBSURFACE PROFILE Depth (Ft.) B- 1 0 PI= 4 5 4 . 50/4" LEGEND 4 . 50/3.5" ■ Topsoil 4 D 50/3" Silty Sand 10 4 4 - Partially Weathered Rock 4 , - D 1 8 Standard Penetration Resistance 4 D 4 50/2.5" 15 D 4 . . 4 , D 4 . D 50/2.5" 20 4 . D 4 . D 4 . 4 , 50/1" 25 4 D 4 . 4 50/4" 30 4° 4 4 D 50/1" 35 4 . 4 40 50/1" PROJECT: SCALE: JOB NO:1-10-0101-EA Rivanna Tower [� GeoTechnologies, Inc. Charlottesville,VA FIG NO:2 LEGEND NEW FENCE • - p EXIST. FENCE —X X X— / \ SETBACK — — �•� \ NOTE ` NI MAROON tdRR MD ML COMMON JtINR3 MI 71K EASEMENT — — // ♦`\ `� ODUDIME \ MELT APE To OE JCWCSIEIED SMUT USING MT DAM OR LEASE — — — — YEND!! PROPERTY LLINE — — DJJ , 0. ..., ' MI C.WEDGE `\``\ \ EXIST.CONTOUR KEY BSI T I FL I ORODIOOKEO1t00 PARCEL 0RD31000000100 PME,ZONING MURAL Ma \ NEW CONTOUR 2aJMa RID(?EA / \ TYP.BUILDING I 1 - - i \ d TYP. ROAD / %--- `♦to \ to NEM JR OR KMWITI$MAR Bo'MOS MOM/i PROPOSED POLE `♦` ZOMIG AWL AREA i \ PROPOSED AM ODScb' WSE STEEL Pad RAIDED Dam \ PROPOSED PUT WNW ones ------- -- DEW ME TO \ <' al NI KW'SI„ssD DM sES - \ Ul NI K,IE OID DM TI REIM(IYP.) ♦♦♦ ua COMM ♦ ; ♦�` / ♦ 1 /0 PN:(IEEpp) i ---- Doi DOSTMO MY ME I ♦♦At PFTDE110E TEE(19 • \\ / / ♦ 1'Swat.�0 PROPOSED ATV N-rA/ME / t;', „ t A„ , ♦1 • ,t ;,..,,,`;% a xdDE i BE FOAMZ♦♦ ,‘.• i , 14p j PROPOSED to'ACCESS/UM AT&TE T Nilleir J— j i b. PROPOSED ACCESS if EE \\ -- • MOD DEM TEES •`� ♦ MO WN%DEMME MD' M TIES AEA /' \ PM -W 1RL 06tBt -Oa01100 `-�---- / / ZOM RUDE AAFA PROPOSED DDT TONER A SETBACK \i • (1ro1-IOT-fl ) / \\ S MICR DOD SR t IOR P C CID II a.. ORAtMA! \ P/ D 0®I000ED1000 DEICE$UIEEIY POLE - RN�� ADS F S.INS 0 \ MA %IDLO 00-00-01000 DM RIM PEA SCALE IN FEET /�$ L_% I. SITE PLAN I 0 30 60 120 18o TRUE NORTH "LE:1'-� O' /i47 ra D:e PROJECT: SCALE: Not to Scale Rivanna Tower JOB No: 1-10-0101-EA Ir.. ....... GcoTechnologies,Inc. Charlottesville, Virginia FIGURE No: 1 Ultimate Passive Resistance vs Depth Ultimate Passive Resistance(psf) 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 0 2 4 6 F \ r m 8 0 10 12 - 14 Figure 3 These are ultimate values. A safety factor should be used with these values. SETTLEMENT vs LOAD 0.7 N 0.6 a) 0.5 C E 0.4 a) 4J W 0.3 a) 0.2 w 0.1 0 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 Load (Kips) Estimated settlement for a mat foundation designed for a contact pressure of 4000 psf, bearing at 3 feet Figure 4 EXAMPLE 6' Diameter Caisson, 15' Long (6')(3.14)(50.4 kips)=950 Kips ULTIMATE SKIN FRICTION vs DEPTH 200.0 Y 180.0 0 160.0 •� 140.0 c 120.0 w 100.0 80.0 5 60.0 cu 40.0 CO 20.0 E � 0.0 - -•♦ 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 Depth (Feet) Cumulative ultimate skin friction for a caisson with a surface area of one square foot per foot of embedment Figure 5 r � I3APTLETT YBARTLETT TREE EXPERTS c. a , I I IVF SPRINGS ROAD, (HARIO'I"I'FSVILLE. VA 22902-8785 • (434) 971-3020 • FAX (434) 971-1331 8/10/09 Christopher b. Morin BC Architects Engineers, PLC 5659 Columbia Pike, Suite 101 Falls Church, VA 22041-2868 bear Mr. Morin, Enclosed you will find a Tree Conservation Plan for the proposed project entitled "CV 313A Rivanna." The plan is designed to specify the necessary tree protection methods and procedures required to minimize construction stress on the trees that will be impacted by this project, as well as to identify existing hazardous trees that are recommended for removal. Trees are recommended for removal when they are located within 1.5 times their height from the proposed structure and meet the following criteria: o The tree is dead or in irreversible decline. o The tree is an unreasonable risk due to a structural defect that cannot be reduced to a reasonable risk level through the implementation of standard arboricultural practices. The new plan accommodates the trees on site quite well I have developed a table that describes each tree species, specific recommendations for their care, and any relative comments. The required tree protection procedures are broken up into 3 categories, pre-construction, during construction, and post-construction. Sincerely, r A Michael Abbott ISA Certified Arborist MS in Forestry THE P.A. 13ARTLETT TREE EXPERT COMPANY SCIENTIFIC TKEE CARE SINCE 1907 Corporate Office• P.O. Box 3067, Stamford, Connecticut 06905-0067 • (2031 323-1131, PAX (203) 323-1129 www Bartlett corn r BARTLETT V Tree Conservation Plan CV 313A - Rivanna Tree Table Tree Species Crown Height Recommendations Remarks # (feet) 1 Chestnut 89 Fertilize Reference tree Oak 2 Chestnut 84 Fertilize Within 25' Oak 3 Chestnut 89 Fertilize Within 25' Oak 4 Red Maple 82 Fertilize Within 25' 5 Chestnut 80 Fertilize Oak 6 Not used 7 Chestnut 72 Fertilize Within 25' Oak 8 Chestnut 72 Fertilize Oak 9 Chestnut 86 Fertilize Oak 7 BARTLETT Tree Conservation Plan CV 313A - Rivanna Tree Protection Procedures Pre-construction A composite soil sample shall be taken from the site for analysis of soil pH, organic content, nutrient levels of nitrogen, potassium, phosphorus, iron, magnesium, and manganese, and to establish cation exchange capacities. A tree protection zone shall be established to minimize soil compaction, and root, stem and branch damage during construction. The zone will be defined as an area that is 9 inches times the diameter at breast height (DBH) away from any tree to be protected. A 4 foot high, orange, UV-resistant, high-tensile strength, barricade fabric fence shall be installed to define the Tree Protection Zone and limit access. During Construction The Tree Protection Zone will be inspected and maintained on a daily basis. o Trees shall be inspected on a regular basis by a certified Arborist to evaluate for construction trauma, as well as for secondary pest and disease concerns, and irrigation needs. c: No construction equipment, supplies or debris will be allowed in the Tree Protection Zone. c, Trenching or excavation within the Tree Protection Zone will not be allowed without consultation with certified Arborist and will require specialized equipment to perform proper root pruning. o, Root pruning will be performed under the supervision of a certified Arborist and will be performed in such a manner, and with equipment designed to cut through roots cleanly, so as not to tear roots. If roots greater than 2 inches in diameter are encountered during root pruning, they shall be traced back \ / 141k ��60 62B3 / 62F1.160r. ?e I /\, 04 I n ,A 8. 41ti -/ set / -- Des s 7 / NO :St lF1In .� . . 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WT.tMn S, of the first part, and Jai C. sLr.mcsr boo oats. of the emceed part, • wIy'11 $ as ? a : That for and in consideration of the assumption of a certain deed of trust hereinafter described and other good and valuable iconsideration, receipt of which is hereby sotsoviedged, said A parties of the first part do hereby UAW, laaGTL and MILL tfli sad Minna Wili MORAL SAMMY AND MUSS or 3IT Ld Zof unto the said party of the second pert, as her sole and separate S equitable estate, free of the control, marital rights and O A carteay rights. cheats or inchoate of any present or future busbaad all of which are expressly eaclmhed, and with full and complete power in and toward the said party of the seemed J. part to convey, encumber, devise dad Otherwise dispose and deal wits the herein described tract or parcel of land wittiest the seeassity of joinder by and with any present or toter* husband, all that certain lot or parcel of lead situated is Albemarle County, Virginia, in the subdivision known as gay east, 41 designated as !lot 11, ]Flock s, coataiairp 2.817 acres as plat of LI taaeiee Om* of isy pest Subdivision recorded is the Clerk's Office of the Circuit Court of Albemarle Cosaty in Deed soak 353, pages 113-117, being the same property which was oos*syed to said parties of the first part by and of Alcove Associate*, Inc., 4 dated May !, leg, recorded in said Clerk's Office is Seed Soak 4 4, page 135. t44 � rue property herein conveyed is subject to the lien of a C - - _ r.1e.69.1.r:7n 4/22/2008 1:55 PM FROM: Fax Carteret T1tle TO: 18049684875 PAGE: 016 OF 032 llpe 2 eQ 3) • . rillii.....1111.1.1171114111111.111"...."1"."...11• . ' .4-. . - - . - • :':a 8 5 T Fief 728 certain deed of trust free the parties of the first pert to Jahn N. Randolph, Jr. aid R. M. Oran, Jr., Trustees, dated January IS, 1l71, recorded in the said Clerk's Office is Deed soot 401, page 640. In consideration of the foregoing, the parr of the sewed part agrees and covenants that she does hereby assume the obligation secured by the maid deed of trust and will save homeless the parties of the first part frost any and all liability thereunder. MI IMS the following signatures and seals. & • £ MILL)L. Ysalett Elld,49. Cir L16 (MIL) C. *duds. V MATE Of VIJQI11IA, AT LOBS caw/cooury or The foregoing vas acknowledged before s this £4. 441, of Aisepalyti , 10SS, by L. laustt tlledgs. _, (--4:::letP 4444 le AT ooeeission espiresi 4 74_87 STATIC Of VIWIIIA, ON LABOR cr??/Co Y Of The foregoing was acknowledged before as this 34- day of d,,,,_ ,. , I1lli5, by Jose C. Ell .De oneo :-- lab a ity *omission bpiree n d.-'R-87 J Tio-------------- eo .1 q0.11 Inu ' m 4ai01a '' Qc�•vl azt :. a MA 1 'f Mini ffii MUM 211 1,207 IRS MSS 11 fj1 xxnu 70 4 Q$b{ '1T AdtsFw."914 NO Mali OM 1. UMW, .t�mn u 1M am •tea ft 0320 siaz I ti aR n=so Lazo azuran 1Bi ADO =WO smarm sat R[ :MI MS 1 1 6Z/Mii jgs z:: I ars•bw Z£0 30 LTO :IOW SL86896608T :07, aT1T1 1aiahej xe3 :WOH3 kid SS:T 800Z/ZZ/6 t r • 4/22/2008 1:55 PM FROM: Fax Carteret Title TO: 18049684875 PAGE: 01B OF 032 • STATE TA1 a J __ C TT TAI 3 'Y•D D TAAKs $ I.Do. rtr s 5. os •r .. ._ _. FIAT SIX sA Sep e •pp Tor,,, - lO.t3D ton 4b4 rut 135 2FIS I*ZD made this 9th day of May, 1968, by wad between Alcove Associates, Incorporated, party of the first pert. L. Zneett Elledgs and joss C. 513edge, husband and wife, parties • of the second part, D. U. Marshall and Joaep>S W. eiahaone. Trustees as hereinafter mentioned, parties of the third part, and Joespb I. Gibson and George R. wt. John. Trustees as heroin- after nastimned, parties of the fourth part. W I T Il E B a s s i e That for and in consideration of the see of 98,000.00, cash in hand paid, receipt of which ts.hereby acknowledged, said party of the first part hereby Grants, bargain and sells and Conveys LASTS GEitERAL RARRA3Iii' OF TITLMT unto said parties of the 1 ' second part, husband end wife, ea tenants by the entirety with full right of survivorship as at common law and not as tenants in common, ,all that certain lot or parcel of lend situated in Albemarle County, virgiaia, in the subdivision known as Key Nest, designated as Lot 11, Block E. containing 2.817 sores on plat of section Co. of stay nest'Subdiviaion•recorded in the Clerk's Office of the Circuit Court of Albemarle County in Deed • book 353, pages 193-197, being a portion of the property which was conveyed to said party of as first part by deed of Albe- wr1. County aeswreb Cosporstion, dated July 16, 1959, recorded in said Clerk's Office in Died Dock 352, page 509. said lot is con,syed .ubd.ct to the identical eataanta and rsatrictioce ail as met forth in a deed from said party of the first part to Craig Associates, Inc., dated October 5, 1959. recorded in said. Clerk's Office in Peed book 353, pegs 190. And said partial of the third part. Trustees under a deed of trust free said party of the first pert, dated Octcbsr 1, 1962, recorded in amid Clerk's OffiA:a in Deed book 382, page 329, having collected from said party of Use first part the sus of • j I - r 4/22/2008 1:55 PM FROM: Fax Carteret Title TO: 18049684875 PAGE: 019 OF 032 • . • 103K 4,54 ME 1 36 62,112.75 and pursuant to the terms of said deed of trust, at the request of said party of the first part. hereby Grant mud Release'Li- te said parties of the second part wxyn SPECIAL %SMARTY Or TILE the lot hersinabove described, freed and discharged from the lien • of said deed of trust bat in all other respects said deed of trust shall remain in full force and effect. I ,. And the said parties of the fourth pert. Trustees under a deed of trust from said party of the first part, dated October 1 1, 1962, recorded in said Clerks Office in Dead seek 384. page 431, having collected from said party of the first pert the sue of $1.000.00 and pursuant to the terms of said deed of trust at the regal-et of said party of the first part hereby Grant and Re- lease unto'said parties of the second pert SITU 8PZ AL WARRANTS Or TITLE the lot hereinabove described freed and discharged from the lien of said deed of trust but in all other respects said deed of trust shall remain in full force and effect. subject to the aforesaid easements and restrictions the party of the first part covenants that it is seised is fee simple of the land hereby conveyed and has good right to convey the saner •that it has done no act to encumber said laadr that the par- • i ties of the second part shell have quiet possession of said +!� lot free from all encumbrances, and that it, the party of the first part, mill execute such other and further assurances ft • thereof cc rev be requisite. IN 1fI mass WHEREOF Alcove Associates, Inc., has oeuied this deed to be executed in its behalf by Jobs A. Schwab, Jr., J its ?resident and agannt le rensto duly authorised. and its seal to be hereto affixed attested by its Secretary. end said Trustees have signed and sealed this deed the day and year first above .aaitten. L e�i"�'a ALCoyA ansoCIA1'as, •I ✓• :'y :\ • Secretary t:+s -z- 1 4/22/2008 1:55 PM FROM: Fax Carteret Title TO: 18049684875 PAGE: 020 OF 032 • • roar 454 MI f.37 • 1• Id �t (s AL1 • ! t . Richsose, Tr ts>aw>t i /. m�.tas Mop • d.er�e at. acbo, Trustee •iTBITZ 9t VI SIDIA, COW117 0r ALEIMARM, to-wit, I. area-Y�t✓it• t"�/`�l�•�• a Intary P11b1ic in.snd for the County and State aforesaid. hereby certify that John •� A. Schwab, Jr., tr..ident of Moors Aasociatea, Inc.. and D. B. • marahull. Joseph V. Zi.ohauond. Joseph b. Gibson and George R- St. John; trustees, whose asses are signed to th. foregoing dead dated May 9. 1968, have and each has aeknow1edgied the same before ae in my county and State aforesaid. Given under aht hand this 77 der of a1e}, 1968. • My aosmiaeiaa **Aires the / day of a .p.r . 19*//., cr' ,.• r ky�..• Notary Pohl • • VT1RG17fIA: IN TEE CL E'S OFFICE OF ALBEMARLE CIRCUIT CMOB?i This deed was presented to 'a. in said oft:ce and th certificate Sassed admitted to more at !l•'/if P ).• fists: • 1 4/24/2008 1:5` PM FROM: Fax Carteret Title TO: 18049684075 PAGE: 021 OF 032 rows 1 of 11) r r st21 S4poU--i i 002107 90-603,2 6 Go Y c 2e) - E- r1 VAIEN IECDADED MAIL ro II� Solana Usk P.O.Rex 85131 Od esas&VA 2329 .E131 Teo Map Refr.rroa No(*?: 112.1-6t1 FOR MOWER'S USE CNN (rmto Deed 1 of Taw prorated by: Saffron Bank f4mTnut EN& Sur '0430000143021714IDOT' DEED OF TRUST THIS$A CREDIT!NE DEED OF TRUST M.zkaum mete amount of pinapal to In mound booby of say oil floc$OOOAO Narne and ads of NDt.holder second hirer SunTrust Bank 1001 Seams AVenu Rictinond,VA 23224 THIS OWN OF TRUST it dated Jawsry 12. 2302.mem JOWi c num,leas sofa,whoa address k 41b API WEST DRIVE CHAINDr1 LE.VA 20111-04211 P iordor'k eonTM Mir. wlrom address is 1001 Loma Aran.BAMoed,VA ?7?A4 WNW r Bedew som.eias as "Larder' ad aaselks s o 'Leaoiideryk a>:tt Pamela . jam,a;eldest of WOO.ai o e address is 1001 foam*Avow*Riot.rrc.i,VA =22hasi 11ntyFr L Li a radtkot al Wilda. whore liken is 1001 rimans Arenas.l0Es.nr,VA M4 rlbswaee,`tie;hood to below as "Trusen'►,abet of whoa wry ed. CONVEYANCE AND GRANT. For valuable comets Iloo,Bradar camegs bard rsc.MKafrane ad adees end agora lo Thaw for the baulk of Larder as.neaeL, at of Gta foes patent and future right,Ott, and inse(sst In and to the Wowing detxrb.d reel pro/ally.taoether wth d'WAG or sub.aqu dy emoted or affixed Ways,iaprotwmmss and t ohms e/amm.Ms.HOW of way, and apprrla ancea uod a9 riats,naiades.aid meta asap p b t u red smarty,Waft Wass m Indiatlon all mMarb, al sea, wawa at and al.ltar shams, Ka 'lid fnpwMr'l Wad be ALR2$AILE COUSIIY,Caenroawsale of*Odd: •: ATE - IS CLAlK I •• VA CODE =. 1.303. . Is• : TO ► ! _•_jj •DEir . •_ • , _-, , Of • vs tem 1113 Are 4446., . , t171t . , E29, .. , . TLtti 4 c. OF i1 I n, . „ I. •TAX• , OD. ALL THAT CRUAIN LOT OR PANCEL OF LAD SRUATO IN ALS MARE OOU$IY.WORM,!K THE summiOR KnOWN AS KEY war,CIENIR'7ID AS LOT 11,I OCK 4 Cdfr mole 2.517 ACRES 1N HAT OF SECTICil ON OF KEY WEST$UIDIMl10N RECORDED 01 TFE CXW 5 OFFICE OF THE CII JJT COURT OF ALLE11AALE COUNTY DI DEED ROOK 3b3.PAGES • W,1-715M 1a•.,2.1 4/22/2008 1:55 PM FROM: Fax Carteret Title TO: 18049684875 PAGE: 022 OF 032 (hqa s ad II) EK215OP 029 DEED of TROST Lees Moe O4300061436217242 fcaitfoxedf Pegs 2 103-1F7. The lied Praps*or D anew le ceessonly lumen as 4111 KEY RAT DIME,CHARLOTTESVIJ . VA 225114123. The Dad Phaaely Tau nap isbrsror Isbi illgre i 1+t1. to radian to the Caaa Agrsresin this Deed sf Tint wawa if obligations.debts and flaliibiec plus In arts&Demon.d Gra(Nor to Lawn,or sty cis er men of thus, as well as at dims by Lander spinet arson r wry an or(eon of dun Wither cow aiming or fresher adst)p, whether rebeed or towelated Do ebe pa+poee if Ste Credit ptseroent, whether Mobgtsry or otherwise, undo doe err nit due, inset or leiaat, a nositsd or undetrnwiaed, anoint or oontigu(t, LWidand or wiigciind vehillter Ocentar miry be Cable irnfviduaiy or Wally tab others,AMU"obit Ind as ewa e ,way,soonnedaatea peaty or otban.nes,old another mammy yam melt anevus may hew haadter wen bonnet band by any statute of fuit(tioes, and whether tM ablaut=to*t'sorb strata any bat et haemsieer nay become°Mant ism unenforceable_ itEVOLVING LINE OF CAEJIT. Sped awiw b aditioe is fee aresh apealed in die bedebldnees dstridoe,and Minx fart ne&Die Dead of Teed teens a wai>rbe the If melt,whin skfiptse Lender ae Ran advances to Dean*so iong as Ormeor poe ibe wflb if t e feeds el the Ciu Apwstaat Stich anemia ow be earn, mid,and render Rest tine to Matti olden to dm bmiatioi that Ds mil aerwfadia bdr=any at dry one ties,we isabia names draws as nth ham at a lined sr vrisib roe or sea ma podded is tier Cosa Apemssat,way tampamR serape, of err obsrgse, aid any aaneer apNea or seamed ea pesdtba tie ear *a 1oLiwaeese Ponflmab err tlsip parsgnpi)v efW in omen the Chit Welt as paean l the Coat Agawam& M is ire in ethos of Canter aid larder*et Nfe Deed tf Trust seam the idiom eeectt(ct(eg crier tM Credit Apsunet tune tine to Due foie awe up to the Cm*Ilia s podded b Nit Deed of Tart and any imimeniede idurom. EilfeliE ADVANCES. to wince*die anima sprltad is the treat AQsnrnrt,*is Deed of Beet siso teases Enure adman. &arnor prassrrdy,absotrleitr,anti innocally rots to limn tie poem at S.afoity In this Dated of Taut)d of 6weiw's right,Os,and interest in and to el paint end future eases of the Peoparty and if dints taco the Pinery. la eddtisn,&cheer grinds to Lscdar a tklirn Commend Cede security totwst in the Penned Propsrty add fees. TIN DEED OF MUST,IMCLUDINO TEE ASBNINE NT OF MTV AND THE IECLINYY.suENT■ TIE Rani Mm MEOW PROPERTY, IS OntilE TO MUNE fAi PAYMENT OF THE INDEBTEDNESS AND A PINIRDIMNICE OF dYOt OF CRRffJal'6 AS111031111116 AND COUGATiONe WIDEN THE amour ACREENBIT,THE fetaAUD DOODISEHTL.AitD TIKS tiEFD OF TRW. THIS DES OF TRUST E Mai NV ACCEPTS)Oa THE FOUSAMPi 7E>iME PAYI 5T AID P@RFOIgA*RCE. except as admwdse Poildeif M this Deed of That elanaor slit pay to Learn 4i amounts seamed by this Deed of That me they hsee.e due,add shell auk*and is a tinily manner pationa r of Garmer's obig bras trader to Credit Ag scent,tide Deed of Uu4 and the Muted Documents. POSSESSION AND INAi TEMANCE OF THE PROPERTY. a rani r ogees then Grantor's possession and use of the Ploperti ibsti be governed by the foftow*pronlomm Poasedee aid Use. LIMB Is accirassa of ei Erect if Delia.Getter may it) antis b powasion end control of the Property; CO see,opiate et merge in Propene erd t2/ acting as Lender's egaw,carter air Rats float ne iroperty. Dl to Mann. (cantor aid maintain the Property in good condition end proepiy perform di ripen,riplscsnents,and tr alterrenoe ne icsey to presort,*its van Campine*WMM Ent ennind tans Grater weave and*wants to Lander that; 11) Bided the period of Grantor's ownership of the Property,dies bee been no out,as+rmion,tianefactore, atareps, treatment, (iipoai,mate or thraenad rater d ergo Murders Substance by say Imam On,under,'bout or ham ten Property; CZ Branoer his no nowletne of, r room to baiter that dire has been,secs es previously Antoall to wed sek untied ad by LaMar ha wilting, Id any broach or Volition of any Environmental Laura, dal any use,geseation. mssebm4ne, stomps, sperm r4 (tspoe4 ranee or i risluwed mime of any Handout Subdronce on,under,about or from the Property by any prior owners or=opea or tha Property, x lc) any eaitud of tfreeIered iltigrdon of claims of an kind by sty parson rstein e to a rch °imam end 12) Limn s p eMb sty tiecioatl to and adawndedasi by Laredo in writing, tat neither Grantor nor any damn&,6oatracter,pant a Mbar auleoritrd ow of the Properly skid on musts, manufacture,more, treat, appose of or ranee dry Redoes Substance on, aster, et(oele or ham the Property;end lW lorry each e(d iy shot be tontine d b=calm a oft di 1mk:tRpe.s.a. 411 4/22/2008 1:55 PH FROM: Fax Carteret Title TO: 18049684875 PAGE: 023 OF 032 Milo 3 of tin ax2150PG0295 DEED OF MIST tan NK 0430000/430Z17242 (CondGned) Repo s epplionie Waal,amok and west Wpm.rastradeos sae Wawa attains althea ieiadon o1 Envlto nentat Lori. Araator ad»daa Lorna i and is spates a taw upon tba Prerany a asks sat*oea.ofonc and ttstt,t Orators axpsase,as f,aader lay Men apptapaitds to dsstatint asap lonoa of the Pompom vest this statia of the Deed of That. Any iogsafaas r site mode by[.ender shall w he hander's papas oily and sits net be mttnrtad to boob eery tmpoeslity a iiabity on the pot of Ladle to firms or to say altar mom The reprseaado s and eartarnties conDlnet bsndn are lisle an Bta rays this Mom y i oraisat ap the Pmpony lot Hazardous Sebatrne.s. Garda Moray (t) rams and saes any!arse claims avian Leader for tndaarrty a artdbut/an to eho mot the ar Wanes aura for Mom or any tarts sader ar,wet tem and t2J was to fationtaify and faro Mateieas Lad,mien air ad all nMitta loosaa,Nlebfidesb timasss,p.oddes,ad expattess starch larder mat'tasty or irndhaedy swain or sulfur rubbing!rem a Match of this Wiwi of the Dad of Trent or a a oonsallesoa at any use.penecation,reonama4ae,•lei..&pe•1,rsisess or ihroossnsd*me aonoing par to Grantor's ovenswhip or!earth la the Property,Another or esc the noose wM or atarad ttaw cart Mow to Grantor. The pu.Mebns d tido whoa at Iha Dead of Trost,Wain to obligation to irdanrify,MI amnia tin papaw d to laMbddases sad to ssisfaath.and Narseysnoe et the Sin of this Deed of Trost nerd stall not be Maud by[eutier"s aoraitdiao of toy interest in as Pnpedy,wfseta by frenboeass or aahawba. !hoorah,■itds. Gamer shill rat now animal or pout ay taiaea nor cosiatt,pea*.or • sew any sitars of or waaee am r a to Prepay a aq anion d the Progeny. Wien fitaiting tie pattsreay of the furegoiagr Gatti veil sat ranee,or sant to any wino many tbo right to rump►.,ary*lbw,minu.h pale lag ci ad psi,cost try,ands,soft.grail or rods proante walnut Landers s prior risen oaerseoi. Ream(of Iagtcmorain r. Grantor shall net demolish or Nam arty homewards bees the Rai Property without Landers prior anon mortar[. As a centime is the rsnwM of any tmptovroee4.Lao*stay r•4ais Gaon to mho aemo9aramt saafacbryr b Late w to aping such iaprwrsments:dth improvement a at liter octal l sakru toads Rhin to Farber. Lade and Lindoes owns and ropeoesotalivel ray tinter upoe to Rod Property at sN rotoonthle those to saamd b Linden's inane*ad to heat to Hest Proprty br purposes of Grantors complains with 1M sines and sondetoree of des Del of Tina. Congiaua slit Gavemramal lh._L.oats. Einiator.Mil ptowpdy cars* lab ail Mfrs. cndnriosas fad wagons,now or hrssftr in ofloat,of at goreouno eel a uthoiYao appioarle la the on or omtpsnny of to Property. Grantor rasp wawa to gad tilt avant tern,rdewae, or asiedon and wiir,0id om ilatee doing any protaticlos.iecbi+g appropriate ippad.so hog a Graxar ha mailed Lender in wring prior to doing se and so he ass in Landers sob ei*dsn Lander';Maws in the Stoperty as ant Jsopardosd. Lander net maw Grade to pbct anima security or a weep bond.asdsisaarp to Lads,to moan Landers alma Ditty t0 Protect. Grantor agrees raihsr to miser ow has rtatianded to Property. ammo she do at other eats, in wit*.to those ass sot nor*above in this imam whids boa to character and use of to Pe:t arty as teeoesaory tr protect and many the Property. DOE OW SALE-cower sr LENDER. NOTICE-TIE am SECURED H ENY b BUG GY TD cra . D FULL OR THE TE M E THEREOF flHP6 MOORED NN THE MIT OF SALE OH CONVEYANCE OF THE PROPERTY CONVEYED. Leader soy,at LN/r's ocoioe,dsotan isaiar Am red prynih i rani$ecusad by df s Dead of Tram capon dui onto ce taosat r,**out Land,'.IOW adorn anean of all or any part of tho Real property,or any hang in tie Rai Property. A"al a tisane Font the tntr,.{ati.?of Ravi Property or any riblA,this or ittatast io the Reel Property;arbor legit bentfeeiet or makable; wham ectntory or Invoiootary;Mather by midst*soh,than,bstalknent solo contract,land contract,corded for dad.Isss'Maid Wean with a tarot gasser than dna 1St yssrs Isas-opion contract.or by sale.Maiprattat,or Imola.f say bsns/dof Memo to or to soy lard trust hoirag tile to the Rini Property,or by any star nutted of cneva faros of an nerwat in too Arai Property. Honorer,ilia option Ina most be srarclsd by Lade M ortin euurdi.Is pruiitnsd Oy federal law at by Vfrginfe taw. TAXES MC LetS. The allowing paddies raining to da tangs and fists r>a the Property as part of tfiia Deed of Trott: Payroeat. Orator aid!pry what due fond in all words prior to dolhus ency)ap taw,aptefd tom,a westerns,chows pacdodxs wilt ad sari),has wet ittpoahfans bsied against or are account of the fropar y, oil aid psi saw die at claims for wart deco an or for swam rendered or mania hontouwl a tit.Pwpaty. Donor daft meanie di.Property Use of ai NUM haing priority over or equoi to tit bursar of Last r tudr lilt Dad at Duo,stoops for the Pot of taxis sad esssarrrns not due sod mat as manila provided it his Nat of Trust. bet'2166.].tw zlli] 'Sits Ito( 0.14001S40 amour!Soap'14mdaad sap 0t sass ata)capon pip Altatae w papas►up1 peaussaaoo sI ettpsaoli Ao traps A. 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PM FROM: Pax Carteret Title TO: 18049684875 PAGE: 025 OF 032 (Pupa 3 of 11) 2 f 5QM0291 DEED OF TRUST Loam Nor 0430000443021 nag (Cantnwd Pap s tuts not raasisd to, ekes ay action that Loader bager.s to b.appropriate a protect Landr's lotereats. AN eeranaes aerated or paid by Lander for sock praxises will Ikea bier iatereat at la rats { charged ander Ito Qradlt Agreement from Me dam Moored or paid by Lands to Yaa dale of sepayrnat by Granter. Al snGt emenees wit bead*a pit of des bdebledrwe and.at Larder's optics,oN W be parable on d.rsnd; OBI be added is tiw biases of Its Cm*Apwemrnt and be apportioned among cad be payable wide wyfnstdlimnl*moms a become due Meng Other Ill the era of May spareable Mamas po$6y er f21 sloe remobing was of the Credit AprMaeot or 10 be hooted as e balloon perpaent reach wit be dm and peyabk at die Ci.dt Ames woes mood* MI Deed of Testa yew wit same paym t of Luse mounts, The deb* fir in Oh portotgie AO be in addition to my ofxr fights or any raaedw to which Lander may be sodded at amount of srLrdetaelt. Any such aotioa by Lander del not be construed as(wing the defeat se as to bar Lander drew any r npdy that lt rohontim woe*law bed. VI ANNSSAN!Y;DEMISE OF lIILE. The followilg providers shdreg b etmerahlp of Is Propergr awe part of Ibis Deed of Trust: T . Gramm werraota imam*that it*Mew bolds flood and taadodaiio ado to Ike Prgtrty in fee lama.free and that of all Sa s red encaebannt Meer than those set fords in the(shad Property d esc ipdon or la any Who Wawa/piny,tide swat,br find oils opinion leered in fare of,and mope*by.Lander in connrtioe with tfh Dad of Thad,and q Gsaosor has da fri right,power,and aaheafty is smears sad(Mitre Lids Deed of Twat to Loader. Dilator of Sitar Subject to the accepioa io to patagnpb abaft.Bsalor tram*and ION demo dolled die tic so She Property Wiest Vas ittrdei dais*of e4 posers. I.di.twat ref action or pa reading is someammd dot mostionu Gra mes lido or the keenest of'Duane or Leader under this Deed of Trust,Grmtar shall felted tiro action w eratlo's eaperme. Omar easy be the nswioat patty in sow powering.ering.bat Lender slid be ant**so. amity ts in tea pre eeiu, and to M streamed in sloe ppecoeieg by mood of Londe*arm ebcica. and Glamor wi chimer,or cause to be deemed,to Lander asap iriertnterts as Lamda may apses frvw doe to time So permit such perdeipsioe. emplane*VC*Law. Grantor warrants that the Pr y ano Gaoler's ere of Om Property complies dike al existing**able era,ardtahae,,and rsgMutfosw of governor**tedtorldee. Swivel of Promises. Al prommiess,aparawt.,and iaswaIe Grander kr wads bt die Deed of Trust gel envies the wwoetien and deivery of Ode Deed of That.slit be oont sag in mere and shut marsh in furl form and affect rate arch Is.so tlraoor's t erieipdrue is paid in fell. COIMNATIOfl Thu following pavilions*wing is oondemvrdon proondngs w a;rc of ela Deed of Trust: Proonthegs if any procWkg in oondstrsiar a lied,Grantor shut...,d f nobly Lender in writing,and Grantor alai promptly take etsti*spa m may be n•csasary to defend the a fiaa and obtain the awed. Grantor may be the Mead party in ads pecmedang,but Lander drab be retried to peridpess In the proceeding and to be rtpinemaef in de peoradng by eared of be own choios, end Grantor We Max or awe to be dtinemed so Lands swab ieslrerems and documentation a may be requested by Lander from die.to tins to peen&aide pepdepadon. Appgcr ion of Net Proeam& if t or sty putt of le Paprty it modem*by amines*dotn& proceeding*or by may procasdeg at ptadasa le Ilea of coadome sire,Lad&may at its election nodular that of or ay prtion of the not proceeds of the:sward be gpied to taw fmUiaedtsta or the repel or reatoradon of die Property. The net proceeds of ile aerated dad near the award afar payment of ail remands cads„agleam., sad atterta V lees Inwood by'Dolton or Later in connection with the ooudauedon.. IrIPOatTION OF TAXES„MU Alp CHAIM BY GCPAMINNENTAL AUTHObTES. Iba loloerirg provisions raising to povoeersmmsul taus,fees dad c[torgae area pert of this Deal of Trutt Caret Tema,Fels at Chetps. Upon meet by Lander,Grantor At erma*e such domane oats in addition to this Deed of Trust and foie okasvr othr scion It requested by Later to perfect and continue Lead.?s lien on the Ned Property. Sprat*el nippy*Lestdn fer of taxis.oc described below, together with her ee(pa see innorad it a rinse,perfetlt,s or ouranoing Is Deed of Trust,i+ckduig without detitatien a•tars,fees,documentary strap,at other charges for recording or regtseuy the Deed of Tot. Teen. The foaming Ad condemn toles to which lie s*ton applies: 11) a specific tax spies this type of Deed of Trost re upon of o any part of Oa Irdebt isss soared by tots Deed of Trust; (21 a media at on Grantor width Grantor is authorized or mead b deduct from payments an the btdabtaimbtss waned by dfs type of Deed of Trost: W) s tar ea tole type of Deed of Trust dergnbe again*the Larder m die*id*of the Quit ApuaAeniC aid t4 a nomsaueo.ww:ata 4/22/2005 1:55 PM FROM: Fax Carteret Title TO: 18049684875 PAGE: 026 OF 032 LPye 4 at 11) f>D OF TRUST La..N 04300004430217242 (ConlinwedW P ri spedho tee on ell or any pa ton of the Indebtedness or ort pepasets of principal and intrust made by GreMar. Subsea sa Tare. II toy arc to Which this section applies IA elected sebsrrpusu to the this of Ns Deed of Trust,deb sores AI kaa the same effect as an Event of Del *.sad Lim*ismy towdsa any or ale of he maSekle resoles for as Event of Data de se provided below udees Creato►.fft of pays de tax beiora it begets*deineaent or (2) contests the for as praaided above in the Tawas sad lies maim and dtsosits with Leader cash or a sadlcleat torpors*sweaty bond et rater seaifty aslfseetory to Wear SECURITY AGINDA9Tr;FIG$UCtf NORIL The theralag pro trims raielinjl tetra Dead of Trust as a security epreemem ere a part of dais Deed of Timm: Seater Agne ors. lids Yetaeus stela comettne a Semaity Agreement to the anus say of Mee Property mealtime Nowak and taadar alas lase al of*a Asks of a slowed pay tuft the Didion"Commaroid Cedes amended hum time to tints. SepelRy Ietwast. tUpe1 repast by leader,Graeter shell execute imrciep aatsarnts sad take wMtarr other scion Is regneeled by Lender 10 prltot sad melon Leone's secede"'Mewl In to Pasant Property. In addition to acceding this Deed of lkuat h the resi puperty words, Lander any,et any the and without iuther eedeitation from Gramm,Re rose led aessrpres, copies or reprodec1 uvs of this Deed of Teat es* ussnsGO steseorme. GGaster gait reimburse tender for of expeasee kactnred la perfecting es matinuing die mew*la carat Woo default. Grantor shall not ramie,war or detach the Persil Property lam the Phaw ny Upon dsfeui4 Grantor shell assernbte any Personal Property eat a Grad to the Newt!in a wren and eta plea convenient to mender and node l wcaiebia to Lender suemptitr faiteaiao f.ede'e regta.t to life extent permitted by applicable We. Addressee. The mailing addresses of Greeter'debtor)end Lander btlorrsd prti be.Mich infan efon oo ncesatnp the~by karma graved by*11 Deed of host may be ahaa'sd leeches required by the tin?tomt Cometwdal Coda we at stated on theine peps of ph Deed of Teat. PMTHHER AtSIMARCaa AT OMI Y-1M-FACT. The following pnuhiss u1tiyQ to fnutlet aatrsneus end attorneybsdsst are a pan of ilea Deed of Trust foam Asaaasoas. M any lime.sod been time to that,span request of Leader,ameba will mate,execute end duke,or wi rarue to be made,masted s ddlvsted,to Londe►its Lamar"' desire",and wden repressed by Under,came to be feed.reloaded.ailed.or mitioedst,as the case new be.at such tlmate and in lade offices and plasm is Leader may deem app.opriss,ley end all such mortgages,deeds of trust,aewky deeds,euc+ky aprssmanls,ffeandng statereseta.. coaDouade*statements„lastecm was of*atker ere stria..atllhasss,sad attar dects.ob as may, In the sole option of Lender, be nimessary or desirable in ends to effaetatl,asteplele. perfect,cwnttaue,or preserve iIf Geseserse ahrpeta a under the Craft AalweMt,its Deed of Trust,sad the Related Doc ments,and I21 1M Ism aoi secmtfsa interests anted Wait Deed of Trust se fret and prior Sees On tie prspsrty,whether now aimed r breaKar aoldred by Grantor. woo protibNed by away Lender was to the ao.trry In wmita0,Drawer sled refsbaas.Lama for ai costs and ewaaees foamed to ere scdee with the mamas maimed min this peipraph. AttawnyioF.a. If Grantor fails is de say of the thanes ndesd to tr the pnaoeaiati P alit Lender may do ere for sad kt to ens of Grantor and at Gaoler's.gansw Fes mull purposes Gratmr Nub"braeoeid iy appsier s Lender a Beaton aptmsyirilct for the traps*of etsiing. aaa aag,dithring,Eke,teosdog,end doing ell otter Etblilt ere may I.seeessaty or dribble. In Leader's We op'don,tP etxontpish f1R Amu MONO)l Indio pregmlag pearemok PULL P6iFORilf*flCE. I Gwen pays of the Indebla ksae alien aftae, ttcaalsetes the audit ewe exeunt,end ottereise performs al the oblgsaiaae Impound woe flamer ceder its Deal ef Trust. Lender shell wean*end diem to Timm a request for fee recaarrreyance aid abd e.mtxts sad direr to Granter subabie stelmets at tonne don of any lnrucing statement ore re.tddencbug Leaders smutty Interest to the nays tad she Pereoeet P►mpwty. Any reserwstertes fee opined by law ghee be pad by Arta,if permitted by app/eabie few. EVENTS OF DffAULT. thew veil be in dealt under Oda Deed of Trot I my of the Wooing hnppen tA1 Grater comb freed a aaiaa a metsMM asirnpresente eo et any time In ces ecton with the Osrit Agreement. This ma iaoknfe,for memple,a fine statement about 9reater's inmate, wets.Maim or arty ode repeats of Grantee'ha6id andilfon. el Graisar doss not me se repayment terms of the Credit Agreement. IC) Gc ie?s sties to kastae Ammar Mega the eolieral or Lender's dghle in the cablret. 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The wads "Rented Documents" Irma ad promissory noses, credit agreements, loan agreements. essirententat epaemenss, inreeaolies, warty atpeeneres. mergages, deeds of bunt, setauuy deeds, oadoteral rs arise, and ai odor ittrusw ts, apieementt mid doaaamMs,wbelher row a herasfur nobody,waned in es mecioe with the Indeb Wean. Rena. The word"Hurts"moos al wawa and fours rats.ravaraus,imam isms,ro ra bee. orofxs,add other Maeda deAved bsm ells Pvepe ty. Tisane The wad'Truant"weer Pinola B TATOU.whoa drams la 1001 Smarms Arrrata. flohwsod,VA 23224 end Mr*1.WO,ohm address is VW Sseswse Ammo,IRriwnord, VA 23224 and any subsist*or mow interns. If moo those ass pima*mead se tan* the word"Testae'Weans each stab person. GRAMTOR ACIIIKIVILEDGES 14AVW2 DAD AIL 1fiE POOMB10113 OVINE SEED OF TaOtw,AND GRANTOR AMES TO ifs man. TH3 DEED OF TUT It OVER WOES SEAL MD IT K DUMPED THAT Teat DEEM OF MST It MD MIMI Comllfift AM NAVE 1Sf EffECT OF A RAM t11SIOUWEIT ACCO)ONIQ TO MAW. ORAIITOR: X `� folisi�, �c t. It rN C @If�GE, sv°tRry INDIVIDUAL ACKNOWLEDGMENT STATE OF l/lfesjfie►. I • IRR COUNTY OF COINNymulA, i On tltis day Wore me.the undersigned floury Mk,persona•y ripened JOAit C E1iC6E.te rrs known m be the kdk4lual duuasd in and wise sawed die Deed of nest,sad atbowiedped tlsot he or she signed the Deed of Trust as his or hie fro tad vdsnts y eat and deed,for the rates ad purpoaas*Min motioned. 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IN 6TOONT0JACAL VIM OPP:Oft INKTOSIONS IN MIN NNSTIoTIVT SUDS. •..- :1 :.'-' ?/5•LI".1'-'-'r.1V4-1;41q. (2-f fq.a1/4 't-1 -t+2 , ...s.. , i : . .rr-,11 •- . .--=7,-.-.4-..:.,-,.... ...:1 -;•: . . - ,, architects engineers June 23, 2013 Ms.Valerie Long Williams Mullen 321 East Main St.,Suite 400 Charlottesville,Virginia 22902-3200 RE: CV313A—Rivanna (Elledge Property) Ms. Long: The following are explanations of why there are differences between the drawings our company completed in 2009 and 2013. 1. Area of Disturbed Critical Slope Areas (>25%) Using the 2009 survey data, we attempted to minimize the area of disturbance and manually determined the locations where the existing slopes were more than 25%. We recently used new topography and current CAD software to determine the extent of the critical slopes near the proposed installation and have delineated their extents on our current drawings. As a result,there has been an increase in the disturbed area within the areas of critical slopes. 2. Tree Height Discrepancy and Determination There are two ways that we determine tree heights. Using survey equipment from the ground and climbing using a measuring tape. Both methods have their pros and cons. a. Surveying Equipment—In the wintertime when the leaves are off the trees,this method is most accurate. The tops of the trees are much more visible and the top branches can be located and the branches can more easily be traced back to their trunks. Also, the laser equipment has a better chance of focusing on the branches allowing it to obtain the tree height with decent accuracy. During the months with full foliage, it is more difficult for the laser equipment to penetrate the thick canopies making determining the tops of the trees from the ground sometimes impossible. b. Climbing — When surveying equipment is not successful, certified tree climbers are deployed to climb the trees with a flexible tape measure. They are not able to climb to the very top of the trees because the branches are too thin and cannot support their weight. Therefore, they have to estimate the distance from the highest point they can climb to the top of the tree and add that height to the measured location to determine the tree's height, hence introducing a source of inaccuracy. Therefore, since the tree heights were determined at two different times and considering the level of inaccuracy,the tree heights may be different. BC Architects Engineers,PLC 5661 Columbia Pike,Suite 100,Falls Church,VA 22041-2868 Tel(703)671-6000 Fax(703)671-6300 BC architects engineers 3. Access Road Routing In attempt to minimize the area of disturbance within the critical slope area, we straightened the road as much as possible while keeping the slope of the road below AT&T's requirement of 20%. If I can be of further assistance, please feel free to contact me. s,LTII O� Sincerely, p CHRISTOPHER D. 1, MORIN 5 Christopher D. Morin, P.E. No. 32984 Principal Member, BC Architects, Engineers, PLC ,�j O W • , sir �61 . ONAL , B(:Architects Engineers,PLC 5661 Columbia Pike,Suite 100,halls Church,VA 22041-2868 Tcl(703)671-6000 Fax(703)671-6300 1N3Wd�y p� rql • site- rf compliance experts RF EMISSIONS COMPLIANCE REPORT AT&T Mobility, LLC Site FA: 10122484 Site ID: CV313A Site Name: Rivanna Address: 415 Key West Drive Charlottesville, VA 22901 8/14/2013 Report Status: AT&T Mobility, LLC Is Compliant. mar,�ALTH 0;0 •O j��• DAVID CHARLES ry� • COTTON,JR. David Charles Cotton, Jr. Lic.No.45496 'b b44,? � Professional Engineer sslo � as• Commonwealth of Virginia, 0402045496 %� NAL irr Date: 2013-August-15 Prepared By: Sitesafe, Inc. 200 North Glebe Road, Suite 1000 Arlington, VA 22203 Voice 703-276-1100 Fax 703-276-1169 Engineering Statement in Re: Electromagnetic Energy Analysis AT&T Mobility, LLC Charlottesville,VA 22901 My signature on the cover of this document indicates: That I am registered as a Professional Engineer in the jurisdiction indicated;and That I have extensive professional experience in the wireless communications engineering industry;and That I am an employee of Sitesafe, Inc. in Arlington, Virginia;and That I am thoroughly familiar with the Rules and Regulations of the Federal Communications Commission("the FCC"and "the FCC Rules")both in general and specifically as they apply to the FCC's Guidelines for Human Exposure to Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Fields;and That the technical information serving as the basis for this report was supplied by AT&T Mobility, LLC(See attached Site Summary and Carrier documents),and that AT&T Mobility, LLC's installations involve communications equipment,antennas and associated technical equipment at a location referred to as the"Rivanna"("the site");and That AT&T Mobility,LLC proposes to operate at the site with transmit antennas listed in the carrier summary and with a maximum effective radiated power as specified by AT&T Mobility, LLC and shown on the worksheet,and that worst-case 100%duty cycle have been assumed;and That this analysis has been performed with the assumption that the ground immediately surrounding the tower is primarily flat or falling; and That at this time,the FCC requires that certain licensees address specific levels of radio- frequency energy to which workers or members of the public might possibly be exposed(at §1.1307(b)of the FCC Rules);and That such consideration of possible exposure of humans to radio-frequency radiation must utilize the standards set by the FCC,which is the Federal Agency having jurisdiction over communications facilities;and That the FCC rules define two tiers of permissible exposure guidelines: 1)"uncontrolled environments," defined as situations in which persons may not be aware of (the"general public"),or may not be able to control their exposure to a transmission facility;and(2) `_`controlled environments,"which defines situations in which persons..are aware of their potential for exposure(industry personnel);and That this statement specifically addresses the uncontrolled environment(which is more conservative than the controlled environment)and the limit set forth in the FCC rules for licensees of AT&T Mobility, LLC's operating frequency as shown on the attached antenna worksheet; and 1 of site That when applying the uncontrolled environment standards,the predicted Maximum Power Density at two meters above ground level from the proposed AT&T Mobility, LLC operation is no more than 1.075%of the maximum in any accessible area on the ground and That it is understood per FCC Guidelines and OET65 Appendix A,that regardless of the existent radio-frequency environment,only those licenses whose contributions exceed five percent of the exposure limit pertinent to their operation(s)bear any responsibility for bringing any non- compliant area(s)into compliance; and That when applying the uncontrolled environment standards,the cumulative predicted energy density from the proposed operation is no more than 1.075%of the maximum in any accessible area up to two meters above the ground per OET-65; and That the calculations provided in this report are based on data provided by the client and antenna pattern data supplied by the antenna manufacturer, in accordance with FCC guidelines listed in OET-65. Horizontal and vertical antenna patterns are combined for modeling purposes to accurately reflect the energy two meters above ground level where on-axis energy refers to maximum energy two meters above the ground along the azimuth of the antenna and where area energy refers to the maximum energy anywhere two meters above the ground regardless of the antenna azimuth,accounting for cumulative energy from multiple antennas for the carrier and frequency range indicated;and That the Occupational Safety and Health Administration has policies in place which address worker safety in and around communications sites,thus individual companies will be responsible for their employees' training regarding Radio Frequency Safety. In summary, it is stated here that the proposed operation at the site would not result in exposure of the Public to excessive levels of radio-frequency energy as defined in the FCC Rules and Regulations,specifically 47 CFR 1.1307 and that AT&T Mobility, LLC's proposed operation is completely compliant. Finally, it is stated that access to the tower should be restricted to communication industry professionals,and approved contractor personnel trained in radio-frequency safety;and that the instant analysis addresses exposure levels at two meters above ground level and does not address exposure levels on the tower, or in the immediate proximity of the antennas. 2 of 5 site AT&T Mobility, LLC Rivanna Site Summary Carrier Area Maximum Percentage MPE AT&T Mobility LLC(Proposed) 0 458% AT&T Mobility LLC(Proposed) 0.617% Composite Site MPE: 1.075 % 3of5 Osite AT&T Mobility LLC (Proposed) Rivanna Carrier Summary Frequency: 737 MHz Maximum Permissible Exposure(MPE): 491 33 pW/cm^2 Maximum power density at ground level: 2 24897 pW/cm^2 Highest percentage of Maximum Permissible Exposure: 0 45773 % On Axis Area Max Power Max Power Height Orientation Density Percent of Density Percent of Antenna Make Model (feet) (degrees true)ERP(Watts) (pW/cm^2) MPE (pW/cm^2) MPE ANDREW SBNHH-1D65B-2DT 94 45 1607 1465412 0.298252 2155524 0438709 ANDREW SBNHH-1D65B-2DT 94 165 1607 1465412 0298252 2.155524 0.438709 ANDREW SBNHH-1D656-2D1 94 285 1607 1 466532 0 29848 2 155524 0 438709 4of5 alsire AT&T Mobility LLC (Proposed) Rivanna Carrier Summary Frequency: 1900 MHz Maximum Permissible Exposure(MPE): 1000 pW/cm^2 Maximum power density at ground level: 6 17428 pW/cm^2 Highest percentage of Maximum Permissible Exposure: 0 61743 % On Axis Area Max Power Max Power Height Orientation Density Percent of Density Percent of Antenna Make Model (feet) (degrees true)ERP(Watts) (pW/cm^2) MPE (pW/cm^2) MPE ANDREW SBNHH-1065B-2DT 94 45 3855 3 769254 0 376925 6 073745 0 607375 ANDREW SBNHH-1D65B-2DT 94 165 3855 3 769254 0 376925 6 073745 0 607374 ANDREW SBNHH-1D65B-2DT 94 285 3855 3 669254 0 366925 6.073745 0 607375 5of5 hlsite Cellular Phone Towers :: Prii eview Page 1 of 5 qi? n THE OFFICIAL SPONSOR OF BIRTHDAYS! PRINT CLOSE Cellular Phone Towers Cellular(cell)phones first became widely available in the United States in the 1990s, but since then their use has increased dramatically The widespread use of cell phones has led to cell phone towers being placed in many communities These towers, also called base stations, have electronic equipment and antennas that receive and transmit radiofrequency(RF) signals. How do cellular phone towers work? Cell phone base stations may be free-standing towers or mounted on existing structures, such as trees,water tanks, or tall buildings.The antennas need to be high enough so they can adequately cover the area. Base stations are usually from 50- 200 feet high. Cell phones communicate with nearby cell towers mainly through radiofrequency(RF)waves, a form of energy in the electromagnetic spectrum between FM radio waves and microwaves. Like FM radio waves, microwaves, visible light, and heat, they are forms of non-ionizing radiation This means they cannot cause cancer by directly damaging DNA. RF waves are different from stronger types of radiation such as x-rays, gamma rays, and ultraviolet(UV) light,which can break the chemical bonds in DNA. At very high levels, RF waves can heat up body tissues (This is the basis for how microwave ovens work.) But the levels of energy used by cell phones and towers are much lower When a person makes a cell phone call, a signal is sent from the phone's antenna to the nearest base station antenna. The base station responds to this signal by assigning it an available radiofrequency channel RF waves transfer the voice information to the base station.The voice signals are then sent to a switching center,which transfers the call to its destination.Voice signals are then relayed back and forth during the call How are people exposed to the energy from cellular phone towers? As people use cell phones to make calls, signals are transmitted back and forth to the base station. The RF waves produced at the base station are given off into the environment,where people can be exposed to them. The energy from a cellular phone tower antenna, like that of other telecommunication antennas, is directed toward the horizon (parallel to the ground),with some downward scatter. Base station antennas use higher power levels than other types of land-mobile antennas, but much lower levels than those from radio and television broadcast stations.The amount of energy decreases rapidly with increasing distance from the antenna. As a result, the level of exposure to radio waves at ground level is very low compared to the level close to the antenna. Public exposure to radio waves from cell phone tower antennas is slight for several reasons. The power levels are relatively low,the antennas are mounted high above ground level, and the signals are transmitted intermittently, rather than constantly. At ground level near typical cellular base stations,the amount of RF energy is thousands of times less than the limits for safe exposure set by the US Federal Communication Commission (FCC) and other regulatory authorities It is very unlikely that a person could be exposed to RF levels in excess of these limits just by being near a cell phone tower. When a cellular antenna is mounted on a roof, it is possible that a person on the roof could be exposed to RF levels greater than those typically encountered on the ground. But even then, exposure levels approaching or exceeding the FCC safety guidelines are only likely to be found very close to and directly in front of the antennas. If this is the case, access to these areas should be limited. The level of RF energy inside buildings where a base station is mounted is typically much lower than the level outside, depending on the construction materials of the building Wood or cement block reduces the exposure level of RF radiation by a factor of about 10.The energy level behind an antenna is hundreds to thousands of times lower than in front. �,,*n•u.xn.nx �an��r nroicnncer/cancercauses/othercarcinogens/athome/cellular-phone-towers 8/12/2013 Cellular Phone Towers :: Prii eview Page 2 of 5 Therefore, if an antenna is mounted on the side of a building, the exposure level in the room directly behind the wall is typically well below the recommended exposure limits. Do cellular phone towers cause cancer? Some people have expressed concern that living,working, or going to school near a cell phone tower might increase the risk of cancer or other health problems At this time, there is very little evidence to support this idea In theory,there are some important points that would argue against cellular phone towers being able to cause cancer First, the energy level of radiofrequency(RF)waves is relatively low,especially when compared with the types of radiation that are known to increase cancer risk, such as gamma rays, x-rays, and ultraviolet(UV) light.The energy of RF waves given off by cell phone towers is not enough to break chemical bonds in DNA molecules, which is how these stronger forms of radiation may lead to cancer A second issue has to do with wavelength RF waves have long wavelengths,which can only be concentrated to about an inch or two in size. This makes it unlikely that the energy from RF waves could be concentrated enough to affect individual cells in the body. Third, even if RF waves were somehow able to affect cells in the body at higher doses,the level of RF waves present at ground level is very low—well below the recommended limits Levels of energy from RF waves near cell phone towers are not significantly different from the background levels of RF radiation in urban areas from other sources, such as radio and television broadcast stations. For these reasons, most scientists agree that cell phone antennas or towers are unlikely to cause cancer Studies in people Very few human studies have focused specifically on cellular phone towers and cancer risk. In one large study, British researchers compared a group of more than 1,000 families of young children with cancer against a similar group of families of children without cancer.They found no link between a mother's exposure to the towers during pregnancy(based on the distance from the home to the nearest tower and on the amount of energy given off by nearby towers) and the risk of early childhood cancer In another study, researchers compared a group of more than 2,600 children with cancer to a group of similar children without cancer.They found that those who lived in a town that could have exposed them to higher than average RF radiation from cellular phone towers in the previous 5 years had a slightly higher risk of cancer, although not of any certain type of cancer(like leukemia or brain tumors).This study estimated the children's possible exposure based on the number of towers in their town and how strong the signals were from the towers. It did not look at actual exposure of any individual child based on how far their home or school was from a tower. One study looked for signs of DNA and cell damage in blood cells as a possible indicator of cancer-causing potential.They found that the damage was no worse in people who lived near a cell phone tower as compared with those didn't The amount of exposure from living near a cell phone tower is typically many times lower than the exposure from using a cell phone. About 30 studies have looked at possible links between cell phone use and tumors in people Most studies to date have not found a link between cell phone use and the development of tumors, although these studies have had some important limitations This is an area of active research For more information, see the document, Cellular Phones Studies done in the lab Laboratory studies have looked at whether the types of RF waves used in cell phone communication can cause DNA damage Most of these studies have supported the idea that the RF waves given off by cell phones and towers don't have enough energy to damage DNA directly. Some scientists have reported that the RF waves may produce other effects in human cells(in lab dishes)that might possibly help tumors grow. However, these studies have not been verified, and these effects weren't seen in a study that looked at the blood cells from people living near a cellular phone tower Several studies in rats and mice have looked at whether RF energy might promote the development of tumors caused by other known carcinogens (cancer-causing agents).These studies did not find evidence of tumor promotion. Research in this area continues. >,,,„•//xxnxnxT ranter nra/rnnepr/enneercauses/othercarcinoaens/athome/cellular-phone-towers 8/12/2013 Cellular Phone Towers :: Prir eview Page 3 of 5 What expert agencies say About cell phone towers The 3 expert agencies that usually classify cancer-causing exposures(carcinogens)—the International Agency for Research on Cancer(IARC),the National Toxicology Program (NTP), and the US Environmental Protection Agency(EPA) —have not classified cell phone towers as to their cancer-causing potential. The US Federal Communications Commission (FCC) has said this about cell phone towers near homes or schools. "Radiofrequency emissions from antennas used for cellular and PCS [personal communications service]transmissions result in exposure levels on the ground that are typically thousands of times below safety limits These safety limits were adopted by the FCC based on the recommendations of expert organizations and endorsed by agencies of the Federal Government responsible for health and safety Therefore, there is no reason to believe that such towers could constitute a potential health hazard to nearby residents or students" About RF radiation Some of the agencies that classify cancer-causing exposures have, however, made statements about radiofrequency radiation. The International Agency for Research on Cancer(IARC) has classified RF fields as"possibly carcinogenic to humans," based on limited evidence of a possible increase in risk for brain tumors among cell phone users, and inadequate evidence for other types of cancer. (For more information on the IARC classification system, see our document, Known and Probable Human Carcinogens.) IARC also noted that exposure to the brain from RF fields from cell phone base stations (mounted on roofs or towers) is less than 1/100th the exposure to the brain from mobile devices such as cell phones The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) states. "Exposure to radio frequency(RF) radiation has climbed rapidly with the advent of cell phones and other wireless technologies. Studies of the link between exposure to RF and to electric and magnetic frequency(EMF) radiation have found RF and EMF to be'potential carcinogens,' but the data linking RF and EMF to cancer is not conclusive.World wide, health physicists(scientists who study the biological effects of radiation)continue to study the issue" Do cellular phone towers cause any other health problems? High levels of RF waves can cause a warming of body tissues, but the energy levels on the ground near a cell phone tower are far below the levels needed to cause this effect. So far,there is no evidence in published scientific reports that cell phone towers cause any other health problems. Can I limit my exposure? Cell phone towers are not known to cause any health effects. But if you are concerned about possible exposure from a cell phone tower near your home or office, you can ask a government agency or private firm to measure the RF field strength near the tower(where a person could be exposed)to ensure that it is within the acceptable range What should I do if I've been exposed to cellular phone towers? There is no test to measure whether you have been exposed to RF radiation from cellular phone towers But as noted above, most researchers and regulatory authorities do not believe that cell phone towers pose health risks under ordinary conditions If you have additional health concerns, you might want to talk with your doctor Additional resources More information from your American Cancer Society The following related information may also be helpful to you.These materials may be viewed on our Web site or ordered from our toll-free number, at 1-800-227-2345 Cellular Phones httr,•//manxna,(anrPr nrn/cancer/cancercauses/othercarcinogens/athome/cellular-phone-towers 8/12/2013 Cellular Phone Towers :: Prir view Page 4 of 5 Does This Cause Cancer? Known and Probable Human Carcinogens Radiation Exposure and Cancer National organizations and Web sites* In addition to the American Cancer Society, other sources of information and support include Environmental Protection Agency Home page www.epa.gov Understanding radiation: www.epa.gov/radiation/understanding-radiation-overview.html Federal Communications Commission RF Safety Program, Office of Engineering and Technology Web site:www.fcc.gov/oet/rfsafety Food and Drug Administration Home page.www.fda.gov Radiation-emitting products: Cell phones: www.fda.gov/Radiation- National Cancer Institute Toll-free number: 1-800-422-6237(1-800-4-CANCER) Home page www.cancer.gov Cellular telephone use and cancer risk www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/factsheet/Risk/cellphones National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences Home page:www.niehs.nih.gov Electric and magnetic fields:www.niehs.nih.gov/health/topics/agents/emf/index.cfm World Health Organization Electromagnetic fields and public health: base stations and wireless technologies Web site:www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs304/en/index.html *Inclusion on this list does not imply endorsement by the American Cancer Society No matter who you are,we can help. Contact us anytime, day or night, for information and support. Call us at 1-800-227- 2345 or visit www.cancer.org. References ANSI-C95.1, 1982,American National Standards Institute American national standard safety levels with respect to human exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields, 300 kHz to 100 Ghz New York: IEEE. Baan R, Grosse Y, Lauby-Secretan B, El Ghissassi F, Bouvard V, Benbrahim-Tallaa L, Guha N, Islafii F, Galichet L, Straif K,WHO International Agency for Research on Cancer Monograph Working Group Carcinogenicity of radiofrequency electromagnetic fields Lancet Oncol. 2011 JuI;12(7) 624-626 Elliott P,Toledano MB, Bennett J,et al. Mobile phone base stations and early childhood cancers: case-control study. BMJ 2010,340:c3077. [Epub] Federal Communications Commission, Office of Engineering and Technology. Radio Frequency Safety.6/25/2012. Accessed at www.fcc.gov/oet/rfsafety/rf-fags.html on January 16, 2013. IEEE-C95.1, 1991, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. Safety levels with respect to human exposure to radio frequency electromagnetic fields, 3 kHz to 300 Ghz Piscataway, NJ. IEEE. IEEE: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc Human exposure to RF emissions from cellular radio base station antennas;Washington, DC: 1992. ICNIRP• International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection. Health Issues related to the use of hand-held radiotelephones and base transmitters.Health Physics 1996;70.587-593 IRPA, 1988, International Radiation Protection Association Guidelines on limits of exposure to radio frequency electromagnetic fields. IEEE United States Activities, COMAR, Washington, DC t,tt„•//.x.xnx rapper nrn/car,cer/cancercauses/othercarcinogens/athome/cellular-phone-towers 8/12/2013 Cellular Phone Towers :: Prir ;view Page 5 of 5 Li CY, Liu CC, Chang YH, Chou LP, Ko MC.A population-based case-control study of radiofrequency exposure in relation to childhood neoplasm Sci Total Environ. 2012 Oct 1;435-436:472-478. NCRP, 1986, National Council on Radiation Protection. Biological effects and exposure criteria for radiofrequency electromagnetic fields. Report 86, (Bethesda, MD: National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements) pp. 1-382. Roosli M, Frei P, Mohler E, Hug K. Systematic review on the health effects of exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields from mobile phone base stations. Bull World Health Organ. 2010 Dec 1,88(12) 887-896F Rothman KJ, Chung-Kwang C, Morgan R, et al Assessment of cellular telephone and other radio frequency exposure for epidemiologic research. Epidemiology 1996,7 291-298. United States Environmental Protection Agency RadTown USA Basic Information Accessed at http://www.epa.gov/radtown/basic.html on January 18, 2013 Valberg PA Radio frequency radiation (RFR).the nature of exposure and carcinogenic potential. Cancer Causes Control 1997,8 323-332. Wolf R, Wolf D Increased incidence of cancer near a cell-phone transmitter station. lnt J Cancer Prevention 2004,1 123- 128. Yildirim MS, Yildirim A,Zamani AG, Okudan N. Effect of mobile phone station on micronucleus frequency and chromosomal aberrations in human blood cells. Genet Couns. 2010;21(2)243-51 Last Medical Review:01/31/2013 Last Revised 01/31/2013 .4_.��.. . .. -,i,.-.,, ,/..a„ oa /nthPrrareinorYenc/athome/cellular-phone-towers 8/12/2013 . • Cell Phones and Cancer Risk ttional Cancer Institute Page 1 of 10 National Cancer Institute at the National Institutes of Health Fact Sheet In English Reviewed: 06/24/2013 Cell Phones and Cancer Risk Key Points • Cell phones emit radiofrequency energy,a form of non-ionizing electromagnetic radiation,which can be absorbed by tissues closest to where the phone is held. • The amount of radiofrequency energy a cell phone user is exposed to depends on the technology of the phone,the distance between the phone's antenna and the user,the extent and type of use, and the user's distance from cell phone towers. • Studies thus far have not shown a consistent link between cell phone use and cancers of the brain, nerves,or other tissues of the head or neck.More research is needed because cell phone technology and how people use cell phones have been changing rapidly. 1. Why is there concern that cell phones may cause cancer or other health problems? There are three main reasons why people are concerned that cell phones(also known as"wireless" or"mobile"telephones)might have the potential to cause certain types of cancer or other health problems: • Cell phones emit radiofrequency energy(radio waves),a form of non-ionizing radiation. Tissues nearest to where the phone is held can absorb this energy. • The number of cell phone users has increased rapidly.As of 2010,there were more than 303 million subscribers to cell phone service in the United States,according to the Cellular Telecommunications and Internet Association.This is a nearly threefold increase from the no million users in 2000.Globally,the number of cell phone subscriptions is estimated by the International Telecommunications Union to be 5 billion. • Over time,the number of cell phone calls per day,the length of each call,and the amount of time people use cell phones have increased.Cell phone technology has also undergone substantial changes. 2. What is radiofrequency energy and how does it affect the body? L•._.ii.. ,. e, --,/,. r.,,,;,-,/faordlept/R;ck/re11phnnec 8/12/2013 Cell Phones and Cancer Risk Ltional Cancer Institute Page 2 of 10 Radiofrequency energy is a form of electromagnetic radiation.Electromagnetic radiation can be categorized into two types: ionizing(e.g.,x-rays,radon,and cosmic rays)and non-ionizing(e.g., radiofrequency and extremely low-frequency or power frequency). Exposure to ionizing radiation,such as from radiation therapy,is known to increase the risk of cancer.However,although many studies have examined the potential health effects of non- ionizing radiation from radar,microwave ovens,and other sources,there is currently no consistent evidence that non-ionizing radiation increases cancer risk(i). The only known biological effect of radiofrequency energy is heating.The ability of microwave ovens to heat food is one example of this effect of radiofrequency energy.Radiofrequency exposure from cell phone use does cause heating;however,it is not sufficient to measurably increase body temperature. A recent study showed that when people used a cell phone for 5o minutes,brain tissues on the same side of the head as the phone's antenna metabolized more glucose than did tissues on the opposite side of the brain(2).The researchers noted that the results are preliminary,and possible health outcomes from this increase in glucose metabolism are still unknown. 3. How is radiofrequency energy exposure measured in epidemiologic studies? Levels of radiofrequency exposure are indirectly estimated using information from interviews or questionnaires.These measures include the following: • How"regularly"study participants use cell phones(the minimum number of calls per week or month) • The age and the year when study participants first used a cell phone and the age and the year of last use(allows calculation of the duration of use and time since the start of use) • The average number of cell phone calls per day,week,or month(frequency) • The average length of a typical cell phone call • The total hours of lifetime use,calculated from the length of typical call times,the frequency of use,and the duration of use 4. What has research shown about the possible cancer-causing effects of radiofrequency energy? Although there have been some concerns that radiofrequency energy from cell phones held closely to the head may affect the brain and other tissues,to date there is no evidence from studies of cells, animals,or humans that radiofrequency energy can cause cancer. It is generally accepted that damage to DNA is necessary for cancer to develop.However, radiofrequency energy,unlike ionizing radiation,does not cause DNA damage in cells,and it has not been found to cause cancer in animals or to enhance the cancer-causing effects of known chemical carcinogens in animals(3-5). Researchers have carried out several types of epidemiologic studies to investigate the possibility of a relationship between cell phone use and the risk of malignant(cancerous)brain tumors,such as gliomas,as well as benign(noncancerous)tumors,such as acoustic neuromas(tumors in the cells nnci/ranrarfn nirc/fartCheet/R ick/cellnhones 8/12/2013 Cell Phones and Cancer Risk ational Cancer Institute Page 3 of 10 of the nerve responsible for hearing),most meningiomas(tumors in the meninges,membranes that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord),and parotid gland tumors(tumors in the salivary glands)(6). In one type of study,called a case-control study,cell phone use is compared between people with these types of tumors and people without them. In another type of study,called a cohort study,a large group of people is followed over time and the rate of these tumors in people who did and didn't use cell phones is compared.Cancer incidence data can also be analyzed over time to see if the rates of cancer changed in large populations during the time that cell phone use increased dramatically.The results of these studies have generally not provided clear evidence of a relationship between cell phone use and cancer,but there have been some statistically significant findings in certain subgroups of people. Findings from specific research studies are summarized below: • The Interphone Study,conducted by a consortium of researchers from 13 countries,is the largest health-related case-control study of use of cell phones and head and neck tumors.Most published analyses from this study have shown no statistically significant increases in brain or central nervous system cancers related to higher amounts of cell phone use.One recent analysis showed a statistically significant,albeit modest,increase in the risk of glioma among the small proportion of study participants who spent the most total time on cell phone calls. However,the researchers considered this finding inconclusive because they felt that the amount of use reported by some respondents was unlikely and because the participants who reported lower levels of use appeared to have a slightly reduced risk of brain cancer compared with people who did not use cell phones regularly(7-9).Another recent study from the group found no relationship between brain tumor locations and regions of the brain that were exposed to the highest level of radiofrequency energy from cell phones(io). • A cohort study in Denmark linked billing information from more than 358,00o cell phone subscribers with brain tumor.incidence data from the Danish Cancer Registry.The analyses found no association between cell phone use and the incidence of glioma,meningioma,or acoustic neuroma,even among people who had been cell phone subscribers for 13 or more years(11-13). • The prospective Million Women Study in the United Kingdom found that self-reported cell phone use was not associated with an increased risk of glioma,meningioma,or non-central nervous system tumors.The researchers did find that the use of cell phones for more than 5 years was associated with an increased risk of acoustic neuroma,and that the risk of acoustic neuroma increased with increasing duration of cell phone use(14).However,the incidence of these tumors among men and women in the United Kingdom did not increase during 1998 to 2008,even though cell phone use increased dramatically over that decade(14). • An early case-control study in the United States was unable to demonstrate a relationship between cell phone use and glioma or meningioma(.5). • Some case-control studies in Sweden found statistically significant trends of increasing brain cancer risk for the total amount of cell phone use and the years of use among people who began using cell phones before age 20(16).However,another large,case-control study in Sweden did not find an increased risk of brain cancer among people between the ages of 20 and 69(17).In addition,the international CEFALO study,which compared children who were L.a4«.IL.,....v..�,,..oY rtw/ranrartnr�irc/fartch PPt/Risk/Ce1inhones 8/12/2013 • Cell Phones and Cancer Risk ttional Cancer Institute Page 4 of 10 diagnosed with brain cancer between ages 7 and 19 with similar children who were not,found no relationship between their cell phone use and risk for brain cancer(18). • NCI's Surveillance,Epidemiology,and End Results(SEER)Program,which tracks cancer incidence in the United States over time,found no increase in the incidence of brain or other central nervous system cancers between 1987 and 2007,despite the dramatic increase in cell phone use in this country during that time(19,2o).Similarly,incidence data from Denmark, Finland,Norway,and Sweden for the period 1974-2008 revealed no increase in age-adjusted incidence of brain tumors(21,22).A 2012 study by NCI researchers,which compared observed glioma incidence rates in SEER with projected rates based on risks observed in the Interphone study(8),found that the projected rates were consistent with observed U.S.rates. The researchers also compared the SEER rates with projected rates based on a Swedish study published in 2011(16).They determined that the projected rates were at least 4o percent higher than,and incompatible with,the actual U.S.rates. • Studies of workers exposed to radiofrequency energy have shown no evidence of increased risk of brain tumors among U.S.Navy electronics technicians,aviation technicians,or fire control technicians,those working in an electromagnetic pulse test program,plastic-ware workers, cellular phone manufacturing workers,or Navy personnel with a high probability of exposure to radar(6). 5. Why are the findings from different studies of cell phone use and cancer risk inconsistent? A limited number of studies have shown some evidence of statistical association of cell phone use and brain tumor risks,but most studies have found no association.Reasons for these discrepancies include the following: • Recall bias,which may happen when a study collects data about prior habits and exposures using questionnaires administered after disease has been diagnosed in some of the study participants. It is possible that study participants who have brain tumors may remember their cell phone use differently than individuals without brain tumors.Many epidemiologic studies of cell phone use and brain cancer risk lack verifiable data about the total amount of cell phone use over time.In addition,people who develop a brain tumor may have a tendency to recall using their cell phone mostly on the same side of their head where the tumor was found, regardless of whether they actually used their phone on that side of their head a lot or only a little. • Inaccurate reporting,which may happen when people say that something has happened more or less often than it actually did.People may not remember how much they used cell phones in a given time period. • Morbidity and mortality among study participants who have brain cancer.Gliomas are particularly difficult to study,for example,because of their high death rate and the short survival of people who develop these tumors.Patients who survive initial treatment are often impaired,which may affect their responses to questions.Furthermore,for people who have died,next-of-kin are often less familiar with the cell phone use patterns of their deceased family member and may not accurately describe their patterns of use to an interviewer. 1-ott-v//www cancer nnv/cancertonics/factsheet/Risk/cellphones 8/12/2013 Cell Phones and Cancer Risk ttional Cancer Institute Page 5 of 10 • Participation bias,which can happen when people who are diagnosed with brain tumors are more likely than healthy people(known as controls)to enroll in a research study.Also, controls who did not or rarely used cell phones were less likely to participate in the Interphone study than controls who used cell phones regularly.For example,the Interphone study reported participation rates of 78 percent for meningioma patients(range 56-92 percent for the individual studies),64 percent for the glioma patients(range 36-92 percent),and 53 percent for control subjects(range 42-74 percent)(9).One series of Swedish studies reported participation rates of 85 percent in people with brain cancer and 84 percent in control subjects(17). • Changing technology and methods of use.Older studies evaluated radiofrequency energy exposure from analog cell phones. However,most cell phones today use digital technology,which operates at a different frequency and a lower power level than analog phones.Digital cell phones have been in use for more than a decade in the United States,and cellular technology continues to change(6).Texting,for example,has become a popular way of using a cell phone to communicate that does not require bringing the phone close to the head.Furthermore,the use of hands-free technology,such as wired and wireless headsets,is increasing and may decrease radiofrequency energy exposure to the head and brain. 6. What do expert organizations conclude? The International Agency for Research on Cancer(IARC),a component of the World Health Organization,has recently classified radiofrequency fields as"possibly carcinogenic to humans," based on limited evidence from human studies,limited evidence from studies of radiofrequency energy and cancer in rodents,and weak mechanistic evidence(from studies of genotoxicity,effects on immune system function,gene and protein expression,cell signaling,oxidative stress,and apoptosis,along with studies of the possible effects of radiofrequency energy on the blood-brain barrier). The American Cancer Society(ACS)states that the IARC classification means that there could be some risk associated with cancer,but the evidence is not strong enough to be considered causal and needs to be investigated further.Individuals who are concerned about radiofrequency exposure can limit their exposure,including using an ear piece and limiting cell phone use, particularly among children. The National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences(NIEHS)states that the weight of the current scientific evidence has not conclusively linked cell phone use with any adverse health problems,but more research is needed. The U.S.Food and Drug Administration(FDA),which is responsible for regulating the safety of machines and devices that emit radiation(including cell phones),notes that studies reporting biological changes associated with radiofrequency energy have failed to be replicated and that the majority of human epidemiologic studies have failed to show a relationship between exposure to radiofrequency energy from cell phones and health problems. The U.S.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention(CDC)states that,although some studies have raised concerns about the possible risks of cell phone use,scientific research as a whole does not support a statistically significant association between cell phone use and health effects. //..,..,..,,.n,,,.nr ., t,,-,,,ror,,v,;rciffi `tchPel/Risk/cellnhones 8/12/2013 Cell Phones and Cancer Risk itional Cancer Institute Page 6 of 10 The Federal Communications Commission(FCC)concludes that there is no scientific evidence that proves that wireless phone use can lead to cancer or to other health problems,including headaches,dizziness,or memory loss. 7. What studies are under way that will help further our understanding of the health effects of cell phone use? A large prospective cohort study of cell phone use and its possible long-term health effects was launched in Europe in March 2010.This study,known as COSMOS,has enrolled approximately 290,00o cell phone users aged 18 years or older to date and will follow them for 20 to 3o years. Participants in COSMOS will complete a questionnaire about their health,lifestyle,and current and past cell phone use.This information will be supplemented with information from health records and cell phone records. The challenge of this ambitious study is to continue following the participants for a range of health effects over many decades.Researchers will need to determine whether participants who leave are somehow different from those who remain throughout the follow-up period. Another study already under way is a case-control study called Mobi-Kids,which will include 2000 young people(aged io-24 years)with newly diagnosed brain tumors and 400o healthy young people.The goal of the study is to learn more about risk factors for childhood brain tumors. Results are expected in 2016. Although recall bias is minimized in studies that link participants to their cell phone records,such studies face other problems.For example,it is impossible to know who is using the listed cell phone or whether that individual also places calls using other cell phones.To a lesser extent,it is not clear whether multiple users of a single phone will be represented on a single phone company account. The NIEHS,which is part of the National Institutes of Health,is carrying out a study of risks related to exposure to radiofrequency energy(the type used in cell phones)in highly specialized labs that can specify and control sources of radiation and measure their effects on rodents. 8. Do children have a higher risk of developing cancer due to cell phone use than adults? In theory,children have the potential to be at greater risk than adults for developing brain cancer from cell phones.Their nervous systems are still developing and therefore more vulnerable to factors that may cause cancer.Their heads are smaller than those of adults and therefore have a greater proportional exposure to the field of radiofrequency radiation that is emitted by cell phones.And children have the potential of accumulating more years of cell phone exposure than adults do. So far,the data from studies in children with cancer do not support this theory.The first published analysis came from a large case-control study called CEFALO,which was conducted in Denmark, Sweden,Norway,and Switzerland.The study included children who were diagnosed with brain tumors between 2004 and 2008,when their ages ranged from 7 to 19. Researchers did not find an association between cell phone use and brain tumor risk in this group of children.However,they noted that their results did not rule out the possibility of a slight increase in brain cancer risk httn•//www cancer slov/cancertonics/factsheet/Risk/cellnhones 8/12/2013 Cell Phones and Cancer Risk itional Cancer Institute Page 7 of 10 among children who use cell phones,and that data gathered through prospective studies and objective measurements,rather than participant surveys and recollections,will be key in clarifying whether there is an increased risk(19). Researchers from the Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology in Spain are conducting another international study—Mobi-Kids—to evaluate the risk associated with new communications technologies(including cell phones)and other environmental factors in young people newly diagnosed with brain tumors at ages io to 24 years. 9. What can cell phone users do to reduce their exposure to radiofrequency energy? The FDA and FCC have suggested some steps that concerned cell phone users can take to reduce their exposure to radiofrequency energy(i,23): • Reserve the use of cell phones for shorter conversations or for times when a landline phone is not available. • Use a hands-free device,which places more distance between the phone and the head of the user. Hands-free kits reduce the amount of radiofrequency energy exposure to the head because the antenna,which is the source of energy,is not placed against the head. io. Where can I find more information about radiofrequency energy from my cell phone? The FCC provides information about the specific absorption rate(SAR)of cell phones produced and marketed within the last i to 2 years.The SAR corresponds with the relative amount of radiofrequency energy absorbed by the head of a cell phone user(24).Consumers can access this information using the phone's FCC ID number,which is usually located on the case of the phone, and the FCC's ID search form. ii. What are other sources of radiofrequency energy? The most common exposures to radiofrequency energy are from telecommunications devices and equipment(i).In the United States,cell phones currently operate in a frequency range of about i,800 to 2,200 megahertz(MHz)(6).In this range,the electromagnetic radiation produced is in the form of non-ionizing radiofrequency energy. Cordless phones(phones that have a base unit connected to the telephone wiring in a house)often operate at radio frequencies similar to those of cell phones;however,since cordless phones have a limited range and require a nearby base,their signals are generally much less powerful than those of cell phones. Among other radiofrequency energy sources,AM/FM radios and VHF/UHF televisions operate at lower radio frequencies than cell phones,whereas sources such as radar,satellite stations, magnetic resonance imaging(MRI)devices,industrial equipment,and microwave ovens operate at somewhat higher radio frequencies(i). 12. How common is brain cancer?Has the incidence of brain cancer changed over time? httn•//www cancer.gov/cancertonics/factsheet/Risk/cellphones 8/12/2013 • .Cell Phones and Cancer Risk itional Cancer Institute Page 8 of 10 Brain cancer incidence and mortality(death)rates have changed little in the past decade.In the United States,23,13o new diagnoses and 14,08o deaths from brain cancer are estimated for 2013. The 5-year relative survival for brain cancers diagnosed from 2003 through 2009 was 35 percent (25).This is the percentage of people diagnosed with brain cancer who will still be alive 5 years after diagnosis compared with the survival of a person of the same age and sex who does not have cancer. The risk of developing brain cancer increases with age.From 2006 through 2010,there were fewer than 5 brain cancer cases for every ioo,000 people in the United States under age 65,compared with approximately 19 cases for every ioo,000 people in the United States who were ages 65 or older(25). Selected References 1. U.S.Food and Drug Administration(2009). Radiation-Emitting Products: Reducing Exposure: Hands-free Kits and Other Accessories.Silver Spring,MD.Retrieved June 18,2012. 2. Volkow ND,Tomasi D,Wang GJ,et al.Effects of cell phone radiofrequency signal exposure on brain glucose metabolism.JAMA 2011;305(8):808-813.[PubMed Abstract] 3. Hirose H,Suhara T,Kaji N,et al.Mobile phone base station radiation does not affect neoplastic transformation in BALB/3T3 cells.Bioelectromagnetics 2008;29(1):55-64.[PubMed Abstract] 4. Oberto G,Rolfo K,Yu P,et al.Carcinogenicity study of 217 Hz pulsed goo MHz electromagnetic fields in Pimi transgenic mice.Radiation Research 2007; 168(3):316-326.[PubMed Abstract] 5. Zook BC,Simmens SJ.The effects of pulsed 86o MHz radiofrequency radiation on the promotion of neurogenic tumors in rats.Radiation Research 2006; 165(5):608-615. [PubMed Abstract] 6. Ahlbom A,Green A, Kheifets L,et al.Epidemiology of health effects of radiofrequency exposure. Environmental Health Perspectives 2004; 112(17):1741-1754. [PubMed Abstract] 7. Cardis E,Richardson L,Deltour I,et al.The INTERPHONE study:design,epidemiological methods,and description of the study population.European Journal of Epidemiology 2007;22 (9):647-664. [PubMed Abstract] 8. International Agency for Research on Cancer(2008).INTERPHONE Study:latest results update- 8 October 2008.Lyon,France.Retrieved June 18,2012. 9. The INTERPHONE Study Group. Brain tumour risk in relation to mobile telephone use: results of the INTERPHONE international case-control study.International Journal of Epidemiology 2010; 39(3):675-694. [PubMed Abstract] 10. Larjavaara S,Schiiz J,Swerdlow A,et al.Location of gliomas in relation to mobile telephone use:a case-case and case-specular analysis.American Journal of Epidemiology 2011; 174(1):2-11. [PubMed Abstract] ht t„•Uwww.cancer.gov/cancertonics/factsheet/Risk/cel 1phones 8/12/2013 Cell Phones and Cancer Risk ttional Cancer Institute Page 9 of 10 11. Johansen C,Boice J Jr,McLaughlin J,Olsen J.Cellular telephones and cancer: a nationwide cohort study in Denmark.Journal of the National Cancer Institute 2001;93(3):203-207. [PubMed Abstract] 12. Schiiz J,Jacobsen R,Olsen JH,et al.Cellular telephone use and cancer risk:update of a nationwide Danish cohort.Journal of the National Cancer Institute 2006;98(23):1707-1713. [PubMed Abstract] 13. Frei P,Poulsen AH,Johansen C,et al.Use of mobile phones and risk of brain tumours: update of Danish cohort study.British Medical Journal 2011;343:d6387• [PubMed Abstract] 14. Benson VS,Pine K,Schiiz J,et al.Mobile phone use and risk of brain neoplasms and other cancers: Prospective study.International Journal of Epidemiology 2013;First published online: May 8,2013.doi:lo.1093/ije/dyt072 15. Muscat JE,Malkin MG,Thompson S,et al. Handheld cellular telephone use and risk of brain cancer.JAMA 2000;284(23):3001-3007. [PubMed Abstract] 16. Hardell L,Carlberg M,Hansson Mild K.Pooled analysis of case-control studies on malignant brain tumours and the use of mobile and cordless phones including living and deceased subjects. International Journal of Oncology 2011;38(5):1465-1474•[PubMed Abstract] 17. Lonn S,Ahlbom A,Hall P,Feychting M.Long-term mobile phone use and brain tumor risk. American Journal of Epidemiology 2o05; 161(6):526-535• [PubMed Abstract] 18. Aydin D,Feychting M,Schiiz J,et al.Mobile phone use and brain tumors in children and adolescents:a multicenter case-control study.Journal of the National Cancer Institute 2011; 103 (16):1264-1276. [PubMed Abstract] 19. Inskip PD,Hoover RN,Devesa SS.Brain cancer incidence trends in relation to cellular telephone use in the United States.Neuro-Oncology 2010; 12(11):1147-115i.[PubMed Abstract] 20. Little MP,Rajaraman P,Curtis RE,et al.Mobile phone use and glioma risk: comparison of epidemiological study results with incidence trends in the United States.British Medical Journal 2012;344:e1147. [PubMed Abstract] 21. Deltour I,Johansen C,Auvinen A,et al.Time trends in brain tumor incidence rates in Denmark, Finland,Norway,and Sweden,1974-2003.Journal of the National Cancer Institute 2009; 101 (24):1721-1724. [PubMed Abstract] 22. Deltour I,Auvinen A,Feychting M,et al.Mobile phone use and incidence of glioma in the Nordic countries 1979-2008:consistency check.Epidemiology 2012;23(2):301-307. [PubMed Abstract] 23. U.S.Federal Communications Commission(2010).Wireless.Washington,D.C.Retrieved June 18, 2012. 24. U.S.Federal Communications Commission.(n.d.).FCC Encyclopedia: Specific Absorption Rate (SAR)for Cellular Telephones. Retrieved June 18,2012. �,,i,,•/R.x,.A,u,rancor nnv/cancertonics/factsheet/Risk/cellphones 8/12/2013 • - - Cell Phones and Cancer Risk itional Cancer Institute Page 10 of 10 25. Howlader N,Noone AM,Krapcho M,et al.(eds.).(2013)SEER Cancer Statistics Review,1975- 2010. Bethesda,MD:National Cancer Institute.Retrieved June 24,2o13. This text may be reproduced or reused freely.Please credit the National Cancer Institute as the source.Any graphics may be owned by the artist or publisher who created them,and permission may be needed for their reuse. httn://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/factsheet/Risk/cellphones 8/12/2013 I' Ct y Consumer Guide Human Exposure to Radio Frequency Fields: Guidelines for Cellular and PCS Sites Background Primary antennas for transmitting wireless telephone service, including cellular and Personal Communications Service (PCS), are usually located outdoors on towers, water tanks and other elevated structures like rooftops and sides of buildings. The combination of antenna towers and associated electronic equipment Is referred to as a "cellular or PCS cell site" or"base station." Cellular or PCS cell site towers are typically 50-200 feet high. Antennas are usually arranged in groups of three, with one antenna in each group used to transmit signals to mobile units, and the other two antennas used to receive signals from mobile units. At a cell site, the total radio frequency (RF) power that can be transmitted from each transmitting antenna depends on the number of radio channels (transmitters) that have been authorized by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) and the power of each transmitter. Although the FCC permits an effective radiated power (ERP) of up to 500 watts per channel (depending on the tower height), the majority of cellular or PCS cell sites in urban and suburban areas operate at an ERP of 100 watts per channel or less. An ERP of 100 watts corresponds to an actual radiated power of 5-10 watts, depending on the type of antenna used In urban areas, cell sites commonly emit an ERP of 10 watts per channel or less. For PCS cell sites, even lower ERPs are typical. As with all forms of electromagnetic energy, the power density from a cellular or PCS transmitter rapidly decreases as distance from the antenna increases. Consequently, normal ground-level exposure is much less than the exposure that might be encountered if one were very close to the antenna and in its main transmitted beam. Measurements made near typical cellular and PCS cell sites have shown that ground-level power densities are well below the exposure limits recommended by RF/microwave safety standards used by the FCC. Guidelines In 1996, the FCC adopted updated guidelines for evaluating human exposure to RF fields from fixed transmitting antennas such as those used for cellular and PCS cell sites. The FCC's guidelines are identical to those recommended by the National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements (NCRP), a non-profit corporation chartered by Congress to develop information and recommendations concerning radiation protection. The FCC's guidelines also resemble the 1992 guidelines recommended by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), a non-profit technical and professional engineering society, and endorsed by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI), a nonprofit, privately-funded membership organization that coordinates development of voluntary national standards in the United States. In the case of cellular and PCS cell site transmitters, the FCC's RF exposure guidelines recommend a maximum permissible exposure level to the general public of approximately 580 microwatts per square centimeter. This limit is many times greater than RF levels typically found near the base of cellular or i Federal Communications Commission • Consumer and Governmental Affairs Bureau • 445 12"St.SW.Washington,DC 20554 1-888-CALL-FCC(1-888-225-5322) • TTY: 1-888-TELL-FCC(1-888-835-5322) Fax: 1-866-418-0232 • www.fcc.gov/consumer-governmental-affairs-bureau PCS cell site towers or in the vicinity of other, lower-powered cell site transmitters. Calculations corresponding to a "worst-case" situation (all transmitters operating simultaneously and continuously at the maximum licensed power) show that, in order to be exposed to RF levels near the FCC's guidelines, an individual would essentially have to remain in the main transmitting beam and within a few feet of the antenna for several minutes or longer Thus, the possibility that a member of the general public could be exposed to RF levels in excess of the FCC guidelines is extremely remote. When cellular and PCS antennas are mounted on rooftops, RF emissions could exceed higher than desirable guideline levels on the rooftop itself, even though rooftop antennas usually operate at lower power levels than free-standing power antennas. Such levels might become an issue for maintenance or other personnel working on the rooftop. Exposures exceeding the guidelines levels, however, are only likely to be encountered very close to, and directly in front of, the antennas. In such cases, precautions such as time limits can avoid exposure in excess of the guidelines. Individuals living or working within the building are not at risk. For More Information For more information on RF exposure, you can visit the FCC's RF Safety website at www.fcc.gov/encyclopedia/radio-frequency-safety. For information about other communications issues, visit the FCC's Consumer website at www.fcc.gov/consumers, or contact the FCC's Consumer Center by calling 1-888-CALL-FCC (1-888-225-5322) voice or 1-888-TELL-FCC (1-888-835- 5322) TTY; faxing 1-866-418-0232; or writing to: Federal Communications Commission Consumer and Governmental Affairs Bureau Consumer Inquiries and Complaints Division 445 12th Street, S W. Washington, DC 20554 ### For this or any other consumer publication in an accessible format(electronic ASCII text, Braille, large print or audio),please write or call us at the address or phone number below, or send an email to FCC504(a�fcc qov This document is for consumer education purposes only and is not intended to affect any proceedings or cases involving this subject matter or related issues Last Reviewed 4/4/13 2 Federal Communications Commission • Consumer and Governmental Affairs Bureau • 445 126 St.SW.Washington,DC 20554 1-888-CALL-FCC(1-888-225-5322) TTY: 1-888-TELL-FCC(1-888-835-5322) • Fax: 1-866-418-0232 • vvvm.fcc.gov/consumer-Eovernmental-affairs-bureau Th.- . , } s Consumer Guide . . � Wireless Devices and Health Concerns Current Exposure Limits While there is no federally developed national standard for safe levels of exposure to radiofrequency (RF) energy, many federal agencies have addressed this important issue. In addition to the Federal Communications Commission, federal health and safety agencies such as the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) and the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) have been actively involved in monitoring and investigating issues related to RF exposure For example, the FDA has issued guidelines for safe RF emission levels from microwave ovens, and it continues to monitor exposure issues related to the use of certain RF devices such as cellular telephones. NIOSH conducts investigations and health hazard assessments related to occupational RF exposure Federal, state and local government agencies and other organizations have generally relied on RF exposure standards developed by expert non-government organizations such as the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) and the National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements (NCRP). Since 1996, the FCC has required that all wireless communications devices sold in the United States meet its minimum guidelines for safe human exposure to radiofrequency (RF) energy. The FCC's guidelines and rules regarding RF exposure are based upon standards developed by IEEE and NCRP and input from other federal agencies, such as those listed above. These guidelines specify exposure limits for hand-held wireless devices in terms of the Specific Absorption Rate (SAR). The SAR is a measure of the rate that RF energy is absorbed by the body For exposure to RF energy from wireless devices, the allowable FCC SAR limit is 1.6 watts per kilogram (W/kg), as averaged over one gram of tissue. All wireless devices sold in the US go through a formal FCC approval process to ensure that they do not exceed the maximum allowable SAR level when operating at the device's highest possible power level. If the FCC learns that a device does not confirm with the test report upon which FCC approval is based — in essence, if the device in stores is not the device the FCC approved —the FCC can withdraw its approval and pursue enforcement action against the appropriate party. Recent Developments Several US government agencies and international organizations work cooperatively to monitor research on the health effects of RF exposure. According to the FDA and the World Health Organization (WHO), among other organizations, to date, the weight of scientific evidence has not effectively linked exposure to radio frequency energy from mobile devices with any known health problems. The FDA maintains a website on RF issues at www.fda.gov/Radiation- Em ittingProducts/RadiationEmittingProductsandProcedures/HomeBusinessandEntertainmentlC ellPhones/default.htm. The World Health Organization (WHO), which has established an International Electromagnetic Fields Project (IEFP) to provide information on health risks, establish research needs and support efforts to harmonize RF exposure standards, provides additional information on RF exposure and mobile phone use at www.who.intlmediacentre/factsheets/fs193/en/index.html. For more information on the IEFP, go to www.who.int/peh-emf/en. C I Federal Communications Commission • Consumer and Governmental Affairs Bureau • 445 12th St.SW.Washington,DC 20554 1-888-CALL-FCC(1-888-225-5322) • TTY: 1-888-TELL-FCC(1-888-835-5322) • Fax: 1-866-418-0232 www.fcc.eov/consumer-governmental-affairs-bureau • Some health and safety interest groups have interpreted certain reports to suggest that wireless device use may be linked to cancer and other illnesses, posing potentially greater risks for children than adults While these assertions have gained increased public attention, currently no scientific evidence establishes a causal link between wireless device use and cancer or other illnesses. Those evaluating the potential risks of using wireless devices agree that more and longer-term studies should explore whether there is a better basis for RF safety standards than is currently used The FCC closely monitors all of these study results However, at this time, there is no basis on which to establish a different safety threshold than our current requirements. You can find additional useful information and links to some of the other responsible organizations on the FCC's website at www.fcc.gov/encyclopedia/radio-frequency-safety What You Can Do Even though no scientific evidence currently establishes a definite link between wireless device use and cancer or other illnesses, and even though all cell phones must meet established federal standards for exposure to RF energy, some consumers are skeptical of the science and/or the analysis that underlies the FCC's RF exposure guidelines Accordingly, some parties recommend taking measures to further reduce exposure to RF energy. The FCC does not endorse the need for these practices, but provides information on some simple steps that you can take to reduce your exposure to RF energy from cell phones. For example, wireless devices only emit RF energy when you are using them and, the closer the device is to you, the more energy you will absorb. Some measures to reduce your RF exposure include: • Use a speakerphone, earpiece or headset to reduce proximity to the head (and thus exposure). While wired earpieces may conduct some energy to the head and wireless earpieces also emit a small amount of RF energy, both wired and wireless earpieces remove the greatest source of RF energy (the cell phone) from proximity to the head and thus can greatly reduce total exposure to the head. • Increase the distance between wireless devices and your body. • Consider texting rather than talking - but don't text while you are driving. Some parties recommend that you consider the reported SAR value of wireless devices. However, comparing the SAR of different devices may be misleading. First, the actual SAR varies considerably depending upon the conditions of use. The SAR value used for FCC approval does not account for the multitude of measurements taken during the testing. Moreover, cell phones constantly vary their power to operate at the minimum power necessary for communications; operation at maximum power occurs infrequently. Second, the reported highest SAR values of wireless devices do not necessarily indicate that a user is exposed to more or less RF energy from one cell phone than from another during normal use (see our guide on SAR and cell phones at www.fcc.gov/guides/specific-absorption-rate-sar- cell-phones-what-it-means-you). Third, the variation in SAR from one mobile device to the next is relatively small compared to the reduction that can be achieved by the measures described above. Consumers should remember that all wireless devices are certified to meet the FCC maximum SAR standards, which incorporate a considerable safety margin. (Information about the maximum SAR value for each phone is publicly available on the FCC website at www.fcc.gov/encyclopedia/specific- absorption-rate-sar-cellular-telephones.) 2 Federal Communications Commission • Consumer and Governmental Affairs Bureau • 445 12ih St.SW.Washington,DC 20554 1-888-CALL-FCC(1-888-225-5322) • TTY: 1-888-TELL-FCC(1-888-835-5322) • Fax: 1-866-418-0232 • www.fcc.gov/consumer-governmental-affairs-bureau Other Risks Some studies have shown that wireless devices might interfere with implanted cardiac pacemakers if used within eight inches of the pacemaker. Pacemaker users may want to avoid placing or using a wireless device this close to their pacemaker. For More Information For information about other communications issues, visit the FCC's Consumer website at www.fcc.qov/consumers, or contact the FCC's Consumer Center by calling 1-888-CALL-FCC (1-888- 225-5322) voice or 1-888-TELL-FCC (1-888-835-5322) TTY; faxing 1-866-418-0232; or writing to: Federal Communications Commission Consumer and Governmental Affairs Bureau Consumer Inquiries and Complaints Division 445 12th Street, S.W. Washington, DC 20554 For this or any other consumer publication in an accessible format(electronic ASCII text, Braille, large print or audio),please write or call us at the address or phone number below, or send an email to FCC5D4 a©,fcc.gov. This document is for consumer education purposes only and is not intended to affect any proceedings or cases involving this subject matter or related issues Last Reviewed 4/4/13 FC 3 Federal Communications Commission • Consumer and Governmental Affairs Bureau • 445 121h St.SW.Washington,DC 20554 1-888-CALL-FCC(1-888-225-5322) • TTY: 1-888-CELL-FCC(1-888-835-5322) • Fax: 1-866-418-0232 • www.fcc.i;ov/consumer-governmental-affairs-bureau