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HomeMy WebLinkAboutARB202200008 Staff Report 2022-03-15ARCHITECTURAL REVIEW BOARD STAFF REPORT Project #/Name ARB-2022-08: RST Residences — Final Review Type Final Site Plan and Architectural Review Parcel Identification 04600-00-00-10800, 04600-00-00-10900 Location East side of Rt. 29, north of Ashwood Blvd. (See Figures 1 and 2.) Zoned Planned Residential Development (PRD) / Entrance Corridor (EC) Owner/Applicant Seminole Trail LLC C/O RST Development, LLC / Bohler (Ryan Yauger) Magisterial District Rivanna Proposal To construct a residential development with approximately 254 apartments in 4 buildings and 78 townhouses in 6 blocks, with associated site improvements. Context The property is currently occupied by a motel and the Ridgewood mobile home community. The Forest Lakes neighborhood, with a mix of single-family attached and detached dwellings, is located to the east and southeast. The Brookhill development is located to the south across Ashwood Blvd. Forested properties are to the west across U.S. Route 29 and to the north. Visibility The townhouse blocks at the back of the property are not expected to have a significant visual impact from the EC street due to distance and topography, and because most are located behind the apartment buildings as viewed from the EC. A vegetative buffer is proposed along most of the Rt. 29 frontage at a depth of 100'. Most of the buffer will consist of a mix of newly planted trees. Once these trees mature, the buffer will substantially limit visibility of the apartment buildings but building colors could increase noticeability through the buffer. Until the buffer is mature, Buildings 3 and 4, at 4-stories tall, will be visible through and beyond the trees. Visibility of Building 1 will be further mitigated by trees at the cemetery and the greater distance from the EC (approx. 440'). Tree buffers on the northeast property line will also help mitigate views, but it isn't clear if there are more distant, elevated vantage points on the EC from which the buildings will be seen. (See Figures 3 — 6.) ARB Meeting Date March 21, 2022 Staff Contact Khris Taggart PROJECT HISTORY A rezoning (ZMA 2020-07, RI Residential to PRD Planned Residential Development) and Special Exception (SE2020-03, to waive some stepback requirements) were approved for this property on 9/15/21. The ARB recommended approval of the Initial Site Plan and provided preliminary comments on the architectural design on November 15, 2021. 4630L I638G \ i 5,0 46-11 I -, 0 41101 ��0 1550 29r3 �.rl J• +�� 46.3 BX 46-18G � 1.OI..S. 6618E a931 2W 6-20A1 2885 •' \ /4fi 14C / /4611 40 2883 1]] 1366- �ayyC 1358 .389 p0a 13J51493 2899 1381 1411 288J IQ 1385 1494 2875 .67 1485 1988 2828 265 1413 ]395 2812 1406 1397 2794 2815 10114]5 1474 3791 4]0 1913 1. 1424 1419 1461 14. 0 ]450 2627 'BBSbI ``\ \ 2626 FJ S6B5-iC 46-20J UB51 46B5 1 46-19BJ�Wu00161y-�tl'_— V h' d6-1980 1358 262 _ 46B5-ON"14 d6B 5-G� =4- �ti��I 46B5K r \ i \asy9, Figure 1: Project site near the comer of Rt. 29 North and Ashwood Blvd. z E 6 f r r� NV card -Gooqlc OEM . �� Figure 4: View looking east from Rt. 29 at Ridgewood Drive. s t` n W-2 ARCHER AVENUE (FUTURE/ T r I, nn b • , m .. Figure 6: Proposed site layout. IR ANALYSIS REF GUIDELINE RECOMMENDATION ISSUE 3/21/22 RECOMMENDATION 11/15/21 3/21/22 GENERAL GUIDELINES Purpose; ConradbUily with significant historic sues; Structure design 1 The goal of the regulation of the design of development within the Consider revising the The proposed building design remains contemporary in style Consider a more muted designated Entrance Corridors is to ensure that new development within west elevations of with no strong connection to the historic architecture of the color substitute for the the corridors reflects the traditional architecture of the area. Therefore, it is Buildings 3 and 4 so that County. Some changes have been made to the west elevations of white fiber cement. the purpose of ARB review and of these Guidelines, that proposed these EC -facing Buildings 3 and 4. The changes include additional recesses and development within the designated Entrance Corridors reflect elements of elevations have the windows, a redesign of the stair tower, rearrangement of other Revise the building design characteristic of the significant historical landmarks, buildings, and appearance of primary forms, redistribution of materials, and the addition of a canopy elevation drawings to structures of the Charlottesville and Albemarle area, and to promote elevations. over the entrances at the middle of these elevations. These include a material and color orderly and attractive development within these corridors. Applicants changes help to further break up the mass of these elevations but schedule that is keyed to should note that replication of historic structures is neither required nor Provide material/color overall, they still have the appearance of secondary elevations. the sample board. Provide desired. samples for review. A material sample board and perspective views have been accurate material/color notations along the building 2 Visitors to the significant historical sites in the Charlottesville and Albemarle area experience these sites as ensembles of buildings, land, and Consider a more muted provided. The colors shown on the material board include earth elevations. vegetation. In order to accomplish the integration of buildings, land, and color substitute for the tone shades of fiber cement (BM CC542 and BM 1475), brick vegetation characteristic of these sites, the Guidelines require attention to white fiber cement. and mortar, which are expected to be compatible with the four primary factors: compatibility with significant historic sites in the surroundings. However, the color samples for the white (BM area; the character of the Entrance Corridor; site development and layout; Provide perspective 2125-70) and tan/copper (SW 7718) fiber cement panels appear and landscaping. views of the apartment buildings. brighter than what is shown in the elevations and perspectives. The applicant has indicated that the shade of white has been 3 New structures and substantial additions to existing structures should respect the traditions of the architecture of historically significant buildings revised from the previous submittal, but the color is still in the Charlottesville and Albemarle area. Photographs of historic buildings expected to be conspicuous through the vegetated buffer. The in the area, as well as drawings of architectural features, which provide elevations and materials board do not include a materials important examples of this tradition are contained in Appendix A. schedule that identifies manufacturers or color names or numbers. 4 The examples contained in Appendix A should be used as a guide for building design: the standard of compatibility with the area's historic structures is not intended to impose a rigid design solution for new The partial elevation and material/color notations shown on the development. Replication of the design of the important historic sites in the material board do not appear to coordinate with the ones shown area is neither intended nor desired. The Guideline's standard of on the building elevation drawings (sheet DD101), and the compatibility can be met through building scale, materials, and forms canopy form shown over the west elevation entrances is not the which may be embodied in architecture which is contemporary as well as same one shown on the elevation drawings and the perspectives. traditional. The Guidelines allow individuality in design to accommodate varying tastes as well as special functional requirements. 9 Building forms and features, including roofs, windows, doors, materials, colors and textures should be compatible with the forms and features of the significant historic buildings in the area, exemplified b but not limited to the buildings described in Appendix A [of the design guidelines]. The standard of compatibility can be met through scale, materials, and forms which may be embodied in architecture which is contemporary as well as traditional. The replication of important historic sites in Albemarle County is not the objective of these guidelines. �B 11 The overall design of buildings should have human scale. Scale should be� integral to the buildingand site design. C 13 Any appearance of "blankness" resulting from building design should be relieved using design detail or vegetation, or both. 5 It is also an important objective of the Guidelines to establish a pattern of compatible architectural characteristics throughout the Entrance Corridor in order to achieve unity and coherence. Building designs should demonstrate sensitivity to other nearby structures within the Entrance Corridor. Where a designated corridor is substantially developed, these Guidelines require striking a careful balance between harmonizing new development with the existing character of the corridor and achieving compatibility with the significant historic sites in the area. 10 Buildings should relate to their site and the surrounding context of buildings. 12 Architecture proposed within the Entrance Corridor should use forms, None. No changes have been made to the design of the apartment None. shapes, scale, and materials to create a cohesive whole. building that will detract from the cohesive appearance of the development. 14 Arcades, colonnades, or other architectural connecting devices should be None. The updated drawings no longer show a pedestrian bridge that None. used to unify groups of buildings within a development. connects the two parts of Building 1. 15 Trademark buildings and related features should be modified to meet the None. The buildings do not have the appearance of trademark design. None. requirements of the Guidelines. 16 Window glass in the Entrance Corridors should not be highly tinted or highly None. Information on window glass was not provided. Given the None. reflective. Window glass in the Entrance Corridors should meet the distance from the street and the vegetated buffer, the type of following criteria: Visible light transmittance (VLT) shall not drop below glass is not expected to have a significant visual impact on the 40%. Visible light reflectance (VLR) shall not exceed 30%. Specifications EC street. on the proposed window glass should be submitted with the application for final review. Accessorystructures and equipment 17 Accessory structures and equipment should be integrated into the overall None. The site plan has been revised to show a dumpster enclosure See recommendation at plan of development and shall, to the extent possible, be compatible with along the western perimeter of the large parking lot south of #36. the building designs used on the site. Building 4. The detail in the plan notes that the enclosure will be a wane dark brown brick to match the one used in the apartment 18 The following should be located to eliminate visibility from the Entrance Provide a detail for the Corridor street. If, after appropriate siting, these features will still have a cemetery fence in the building. However, in this location the enclosure is reliant on negative visual impact on the Entrance Corridor street, screening should be site plan. Chain link existing offsite vegetation on the adjacent VDOT parcel to the provided to eliminate visibility. a. Loading areas, b. Service areas, c. Refuse fence is not appropriate. west to provide screening. Revising the landscape plan to show areas, d. Storage areas, e. Mechanical equipment, shrubs along west side of the enclosure, 24" at time of planting, f. Above -ground utilities, and g. Chain link fence, barbed wire, razor wire, would be appropriate. and similar security fencing devices. A detail for the cemetery fence has been provided. The detail 19 Screening devices should be compatible with the design of the buildings and surrounding natural vegetation and may consist of. a. Walls, b. notes aluminum ornamental fencing in black which is expected Plantings, and c. Fencing. to have an appropriate appearance. 20 Surface runoff structures and detention ponds should be designed to fit into None. Underground stonnwater facilities are proposed and are not None. the natural topography to avoid the need for screening. When visible from expected to have a visual impact on the EC street. the Entrance Corridor street, these features must be fully integrated into the landscape. They should not have the appearance of engineered features. 21 The following note should be added to the site plan and the architectural plan: Add the standard The plan has been revised to include the standard mechanical None. "Visibility of all mechanical equipment from the Entrance Corridor shall mechanical equipment equipment note. be eliminated." note to the plan. Li hfrn General Guidelines 22 Light should be contained on the site and not spill over onto adjacent Revise the lighting plan Spillover still exceeds .5 fc at the new entrance into the site from Revise the lighting plan to properties or streets; to eliminate spillover in Rt. 29. eliminate spillover in excess of .5 fc. excess of .5 fc. 23 Light should be shielded, recessed or flush -mounted to eliminate glare. All Revise the lighting plan The plan has been revised to show pole -mounted fixtures that are Revise the lighting plan to fixtures with lamps emitting 3000 lumens or more must be full cutoff to include details on light full cutoff. No details on the fixture type and style have been include details on wall light fixtures. fixture type and style. provided for wall -mounted lights. fixture type and style. 24 Light levels exceeding 30 footcandles are not appropriate for display lots in None. The plan shows a maximum illumination at the ground of 8.2 fc, Revise the lighting plan to the Entrance Corridors. Lower light levels will apply to most other uses in which is expected to have an appropriate appearance; however, a indicate that the plan was the Entrance Corridors. LLF of less than 1.0 has been noted on the luminaire schedule. calculated using an LLF of 1.0 for all fixtures and revise the photometrics accordingly. 25 Light should have the appearance of white light with a warm soft glow; Revise the lighting plan The lighting plan has been revised to include information of light Revise the color however, a consistent appearance throughout a site or development is to include information fixture color temperature. All fixtures shown on the plan specify temperature of the proposed required. Consequently, if existing lamps that emit non -white light are to on light fixture color a color temperature approximating neutral white (4000K). lighting to indicate a warm remain, new lamps may be required to match them. temperature. Warm white light with a 10 white light is temperature in the range of appropriate. 2000K-3000K. 26 Dark brown, dark bronze, or black are appropriate colors for free-standing Revise the lighting plan The color of the pole -mounted light fixtures has been indicated Revise the luminaire pole mounted light fixtures in the Entrance Corridors. to include information as black on the cutsheets (sheet C-714) but not the luminaire schedule to indicate the on light fixture schedule. color of the pole -mounted color/finish. fixtures. 27 The height and scale of freestanding, pole -mounted light fixtures should be Revise the lighting plan The lighting plan has been revised to indicate pole heights. The Revise the plan to indicate compatible with the height and scale of the buildings and the sites they are to include proposed pole heights noted do not exceed 20' but the plan does not indicate if the fixture heights will not illuminating, and with the use of the site. Typically, the height of heights, with a maximum the fixture heights shown include the pole base. exceed 20' including the freestanding pole -mounted light fixtures in the Entrance Corridors should not to exceed 20'. base. not exceed 20 feet, including the base. Fixtures that exceed 20 feet in height will typically require additional screening to achieve an appropriate appearance from the Entrance Corridor. 28 In determining the appropriateness of lighting fixtures for the Entrance Revise the lighting plan The lighting plan has not been revised to include wall -mounted Revise the lighting plan to Corridors, the individual context of the site will be taken into consideration to include wall -mounted lights. Fixture locations and illumination values will be needed include fixture locations on a case -by -case basis. lights. to confirm appropriate site lighting. and illumination values for the wall -mounted lights. 29 The following note should be included on the lighting plan: "Each outdoor Add the standard The standard lighting note has been added to the plan. None. luminaire equipped with a lamp that emits 3,000 or more initial lumens lighting note to the plan. shall be a full cutoff luminaire and shall be arranged or shielded to reflect light away from adjoining residential districts and away from adjacent roads. The spillover of lighting from luminaires onto public roads and property in residential or rural areas zoning districts shall not exceed one half footcandle." 30- Guidelines for the Use of Decorative Landscape Lighting None. No decorative landscape lighting is proposed. None. 31 Landscaping 7 The requirements of the Guidelines regarding landscaping are intended to Provide a complete row The landscape plan has been revised to provide street trees in the Provide the frontage street reflect the landscaping characteristic of many of the area's significant of street trees along the gap along the Rt. 29 frontage near the cemetery. trees at 3%" caliper. historic sites which is characterized by large shade trees and lawns. Rt. 29 frontage. (Fill the Landscaping should promote visual order within the Entrance Corridor and gap near the cemetery.) The trees in the vicinity of the existing cable line along the Rt. help to integrate buildings into the existing environment of the corridor. Resolve the cable 29 frontage have been shifted slightly east to avoid conflict. The frontage street trees planting size (3" caliper) is still below 8 Continuity within the Entrance Corridor should be obtained by planting different types of plant materials that share similar characteristics. Such line/tree conflict along the 3%" caliper EC requirement. common elements allow for more flexibility in the design of structures the frontage while because common landscape features will help to harmonize the appearance maintaining an organized A mixture of deciduous trees and shrubs has been added in the of development as seen from the street upon which the Corridor is planting pattern. wedge located north of Ridgewood Drive and trees have been centered. added in the planting area between the eastern perimeter of the n 32 Landscaping along the frontage of Entrance Corridor streets should include Provide the frontage adjacent VDOT parcel and the large parking lot south of Building the following: street trees at 3%" 4. a. Large shade trees should be planted parallel to the Entrance Corridor caliper. Street. Such trees should be at least 3% inches caliper (measured 6 inches above the ground) and should be of a plant species common to the area. Add plants in the wedge Such trees should be located at least every 35 feet on center. located east of the VDOT b. Flowering ornamental trees of a species common to the area should be parcel, and north of interspersed among the trees required by the preceding paragraph. The Ridgewood Drive. ornamental trees need not alternate one for one with the large shade trees. They may be planted among the large shade trees in a less regular spacing pattern. c. In situations where appropriate, a three or four board fence or low stone wall, typical of the area, should align the frontage of the Entrance Corridor street. d. An area of sufficient width to accommodate the foregoing plantings and fencing should be reserved parallel to the Entrance Corridor street, and exclusive of road right-of-way and utility easements. 33 Landscaping along interior roads: Consider adding trees The site plan has been revised to provide trees, in regular None. a. Large trees should be planted parallel to all interior roads. Such trees along Travelway B and intervals, along Travelway B and Archer Avenue (Private Road should be at least 2% inches caliper (measured six inches above the Private Road C. C). ground) and should be of a plant species common to the area. Such trees should be located at least every 40 feet on center. 34 Landscaping along interior pedestrian ways: a. Medium trees should be planted parallel to all interior pedestrian ways. Such trees should be at least 2% inches caliper (measured six inches above the ground) and should be of a species common to the area. Such trees should be located at least every 25 feet on center. 35 Landscaping of parking areas: Add perimeter trees Perimeter parking trees have been added along the east, west, Increase the planting size of a. Large trees should align the perimeter of parking areas, located 40 feet (2%" caliper, 40' on and south sides of the large parking lot. However, these trees and the exterior and interior on center. Trees should be planted in the interior of parking areas at the center) along the east, the interior parking area trees are still smaller than the 2%" parking lot trees to 2%" rate of one tree for every 10 parking spaces provided and should be evenly west and south sides of caliper requirement. Additionally, the parking lot relies on caliper. distributed throughout the interior of the parking area. the large parking lot. existing offsite vegetation on the adjacent VDOT parcel to the b. Trees required by the preceding paragraph should measure 2%: inches south and west to provide screening. Revising the landscape plan Revise the landscape plan caliper (measured six inches above the ground); should be evenly spaced; Increase the planting size to show shrubs along the south and west sides of the large to show shrubs, 24" at time and should be of a species common to the area. Such trees should be of interior parking lot parking lot would be appropriate to minimize the parking area's of planting, along the south planted in planters or medians sufficiently large to maintain the health of trees to 2%" caliper. impact on the EC in the event that the existing vegetation on the and west sides of the large the tree and shall be protected by curbing. VDOT parcel is cleared. parking lot. c. Shrubs should be provided as necessary to minimize the parking area's impact on Entrance Corridor streets. Shrubs should measure 24 inches in height. 12 36 Landscaping of buildings and other structures: Consider adding trees Three trees have been added along the west elevation of Revise the landscape plan a. Trees or other vegetation should be planted along the front of long along the west elevation Building 1 near the intersection of Travelway A and B, but trees to show shrubs, 24" at time buildings as necessary to soften the appearance of exterior walls. The of Building 1. have not been provided along the full extent of Building 1. of planting, along the west spacing, size, and type of such trees or vegetation should be determined by side of the dumpster the length, height, and blankness of such walls. The site plan has been revised to show a dumpster enclosure enclosure. b. Shrubs should be used to integrate the site, buildings, and other along the western perimeter of the large parking lot south of structures; dumpsters, accessory buildings and structures; "drive thrn" Building 4. The detail in the plan notes that the enclosure will be windows; service areas; and signs. Shrubs should measure at least 24 a warm dark brown brick to match the one used in the apartment inches in height. building. However, in this location the enclosure is reliant on existing offsite vegetation on the adjacent VDOT parcel to the west to provide screening. Revising the landscape plan to show shrubs along the west side of the enclosure, 24" at time of planting, would be appropriate. 37 Plant species: a. Plant species required should be as approved by the Staff None. The plants are found on the various lists. None. based upon but not limited to the Generic Landscape Plan Recommended Species List and Native Plants or Virginia Landscapes (Appendix D . 38 Plant health: The following note should be added to the landscape plan: "All Add the standard plant The plan has been revised to include the standard plant health None. site plantings of trees and shrubs shall be allowed to reach, and be health note to the plan. note. maintained at, mature height; the topping of trees is prohibited. Shrubs and trees shall be pruned minimally and only to support the overall health of theplant.,, Site Development and layout, Development paftern, Site Grading 6 Site development should be sensitive to the existing natural landscape and Revise grading to The grading near the new entrance from Rt. 29 has been revised None. should contribute to the creation of an organized development plan. This provide rounded to provide rounded contours. may be accomplished, to the extent practical, by preserving the trees and contours in the vicinity rolling terrain typical of the area; planting new trees along streets and of the new entrance from pedestrian ways and choosing species that reflect native forest elements; Rt. 29. insuring that any grading will blend into the surrounding topography thereby creating a continuous landscape; preserving, to the extent practical, existing significant river and stream valleys which may be located on the site and integrating these features into the design of surrounding development; and limiting the building mass and height to a scale that does not overpower the natural settings of the site, or the Entrance Corridor. 39 The relationship of buildings and other structures to the Entrance Corridor street and to other development within the corridor should be as follows: a. An organized pattern of roads, service lanes, bike paths, and pedestrian walks should guide the layout of the site. b. In general, buildings fronting the Entrance Corridor street should be parallel to the street. Building groupings should be arranged to parallel the Entrance Corridor street. 13 c. Provisions should be made for connections to adjacent pedestrian and vehicular circulation systems. d. Open spaces should be tied into surrounding areas to provide continuity within the Entrance Corridor. e. If significant natural features exist on the site (including creek valleys, steep slopes, significant trees or rock outcroppings), to the extent practical, then such natural features should be reflected in the site layout. If the provisions of Section 32.5.2.n of the Albemarle County Zoning Ordinance apply, then improvements required by that section should be located so as to maximize the use of existing features in screening such improvements from Entrance Corridor streets. f The placement of structures on the site should respect existing views and vistas on and around the site. 40 Site grading should maintain the basic relationship of the site to surrounding conditions by limiting the use of retaining walls and by shaping the terrain through the use of smooth, rounded landforms that blend with the existing terrain. Steep cut or fill sections are generally unacceptable. Proposed contours on the grading plan shall be rounded with a ten -foot minimum radius where they meet the adjacent condition. Final grading should achieve a natural, rather than engineered, appearance. Retaining walls 6 feet in height and taller, when necessary, shall be terraced and planted to blend with the landscape. 41 No grading, trenching, or tunneling should occur within the drip line of any Resolve the conflict The grading has been revised so that there is no conflict with the Show tree protection trees or other existing features designated for preservation in the final between grading and drip line of the trees to remain near the cemetery and Rt. 29. fencing on, and coordinated Certificate of Appropriateness. Adequate tree protection fencing should be drip line of trees to Limits of disturbance are delineated on the plan, but tree throughout, the grading, shown on, and coordinated throughout, the grading, landscaping and erosion remain in the vicinity of protection fencing has not been added to the plan. landscaping, and erosion and and sediment control plans. the cemetery and Rt. 29. sediment control plans. 42 Areas designated for preservation in the final Certificate of Maintain grading outside Appropriateness should be clearly delineated and protected on the site prior the driplines of trees to to any grading activity on the site. This protection should remain in place remain. Show tree until completion of the development of the site. protection fencing on, and coordinated 43 Preservation areas should be protected from storage or movement of heavy equipment within this area. throughout, the grading, landscaping, and erosion and sediment control Tans. 44 Natural drainage patterns (or to the extent required, new drainage patterns) None. Stormwater facilities are not expected to be visible from the EC None. should be incorporated into the finished site to the extent possible. street. 14 SUMMARY OF RECOMMENDATIONS Staff recommends the following as the primary points of discussion: 1. The revisions to the architectural design of the apartment buildings. 2. The planting size of EC frontage trees. 3. The planting size of exterior and interior parking area trees. 4. The need for shrubs along the west side of the dumpster enclosure and the south and west sides of the large parking lot. Staff recommends approval of the Final Site Plan with the following revisions: 1. Consider a more muted color substitute for the white fiber cement. 2. Revise the building elevation drawings to include a material and color schedule that is keyed to the sample board. Provide accurate material/color notations along the building elevations. 3. Revise the lighting plan to eliminate spillover in excess of .5 fc. 4. Revise the lighting plan to include details on wall light fixture type and style. 5. Revise the lighting plan to indicate that the plan was calculated using an LLF of 1.0 for all fixtures and revise the photometrics accordingly. 6. Revise the color temperature of the proposed lighting to indicate a warm white light with a temperature in the range of 2000K-3000K. 7. Revise the luminaire schedule to indicate the color of the pole -mounted fixtures. 8. Revise the plan to indicate the fixture heights will not exceed 20' including the base. 9. Revise the lighting plan to include fixture locations and illumination values for the wall -mounted lights. 10. Provide the frontage street trees at 3%:" caliper. 11. Increase the planting size of the exterior and interior parking lot trees to 2'/z" caliper. 12. Revise the landscape plan to show shrubs, 24" at time of planting, along the south and west sides of the large parking lot. 13. Revise the landscape plan to show shrubs, 24" at time of planting, along the west side of the dumpster enclosure. 14. Show tree protection fencing on, and coordinated throughout, the grading, landscaping, and erosion and sediment control plans. ATTACHMENTS • Attach. 1: ARB-2022-08: RST Residences Final Site Plan • Attach. 2: ARB-2022-08: RST Residences Architectural Drawings 15