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HomeMy WebLinkAboutSP200700058 Study Special Use Permit 2008-02-06 SP 0 ? 5-r Phase I Archaeological Survey and Geoarchaeological Investigation in Two Portions of the Belvedere Development Property, Albemarle County, Virginia VDHR File#2006-0394 U. S.Army Corps of Engineers Project# 2006-7633 , a w• h , ..,,,... 4. .. s ,,, . . _ _ I06 le ''`— -.4:1104,, L .... - y , , .. .. ... % , . # , _ ,....v , ..t.,,,...,,, R 3 * T a ` •�* fi. r -,+s , I;. , rw` f - , I 44.6.i -. et,t.;.r.,7, ` " Ik y ��i w' v"^- 'y 1p1������009009; 7 • y �.,,4 jam* ' t+.+�(14," 4..t. .y .am. I s RAS February 6, 2008 Phase I Archaeological Survey and Geo-archaeological Investigation in Two Portions of the Belvedere Development Property, Albemarle County, Virginia VDHR File#2006-0394 U. S. Army Corps of Engineers Project#2006-7633 REPORT SUBMITTED TO: Stonehaus, Inc. 2421 Ivy Road Charlottesville,VA 22903 434-974-7588 REPORT SUBMITTED BY: Rivanna Archaeological Services,LLC 410 E. Water Street, Suite 1100 Charlottesville,VA 22902 434-293-3108 REPORT AUTHOR: Stephen M. Thompson with contributions by Daniel R. Hayes and Jennifer Aultman RA S February 6, 2008 Belvedere/SOCA Phase I Abstract Between November 5 and November 16, 2007 Rivanna Archaeological Services conducted Phase I archaeological surveys across two portions of the Belvedere Development property in Albemarle County that together comprise approximately 18 acres. Systematic shovel testing in �., the small 2.4-acre Area A located along an upland ridge identified a low density scatter of non- diagnostic prehistoric lithic artifacts with an area measuring ca. 100 ft x 100 ft (30.5 m x 30.5 m) along the northeastern side of study area. These cultural materials are considered part of previously identified Site 44AB0341, an extensive scatter of comparable prehistoric artifacts located northeast of Area A. The remains in Area A possess no significant research potential and no further work is recommended. Diffusely scattered historic artifacts recovered from Area A are believed to be the result of 20th century casual discard and also warrant no further investigation. Shovel testing combined with a program of deep trenching and geoarchaeological analysis in the ca. 15.5-acre Area B within the Rivanna River floodplain ,® documented the presence of deep deposits of Holocene age "pre-settlement" alluvial sediments beginning between 0.82 ft and 2.17 ft (0.25 m - 0.66 m) below grade and extending to depths in excess of 8.2 ft (2.25 m). Prehistoric artifacts and probable cultural features as well as charred organics were documented within these sediments at depths of up to 1.55 m (5.1 ft) below grade. Plow- and flood-disturbed historic era "post-settlement" alluvial sediments containing prehistoric lithic and ceramic artifacts as well as a small number of widely scattered historic artifacts overlie the earlier pre-settlement alluvial stratum. Shovel testing to a standard depth of 0.76 m (2.5 ft) across Area B sampled primarily the more surficial, historic era alluvial sediments and resulted in the identification of two concentrations of prehistoric artifacts. A large (ca. 5.5-acre) artifact concentration in the northwestern portion of Area B appears to correspond to previously identified Site 44AB0033. A much smaller, ca. 0.35-acre artifact concentration in the southeastern corner of Area B is believed part of previously identified Site 44AB0020, which likely extends south into an adjoining field. Shovel testing produced no clear evidence of a third previously identified site, 44AB0019, however mechanical trenching in this vicinity documented undisturbed alluvial strata containing prehistoric lithic and ceramic artifacts and at a potential cultural feature between 1.2 ft and 1.75 ar ft (0.37 m - 0.53 m) below surface and extending to depths of at least 4 ft (1.2 m) below grade. Diagnostic artifacts recovered in Area B are indicative of prehistoric Native American occupation minimally during the Middle Woodland and earlier Late Woodland Periods, however earlier and later occupation cannot be ruled out. Phase I testing confirms that the potential is high throughout the 15.5-acre Area B for significant prehistoric cultural deposits below depths of 0.82 - 2.17 ft (0.25 - 0.66 m). Additional systematic testing is required to more accurately determine the horizontal and vertical extents of intact cultural strata at each of the three previously identified sites-within Area B and to test for the presence of additional significant sites and/or archaeological deposits within the buried, pre-settlement alluvial ' ediments elsewhere within this section of floodplain. Finally, a ca. 700-ft-long (213 m) section of century dry-stone wall bounding the inner edge of the floodplain along the northwestern side of Area B is a probable 19th-century landscape feature worthy of protection during future planned construction:` NIP NAV r Belvedere/SOCA Phase I SIP WI i ■r • GIN IMP IIIN WY IMP UN IN MID SO I. MB 11 r Belvedere/SOCA Phase I Contents Abstract List of Figures iv List of Tables v MID Introduction 1 Purpose and Goals 1 Description of the Proposed Undertaking and Project Area 2 Y.. Project Background and Documentary Research 5 Review of Existing Data 5 �.• Environmental Context 5 Prehistoric Cultural Context 6 Paleo-Indian Period(prior to ca. 8000 BC) 6 Archaic Period(ca. 8000— 1200 BC) 7 Woodland Period(ca. 1200 BC—AD 1607) 8 Historic Cultural Context 9 ,., Contact Period(AD 1607—ca. 1750) 9 Colony to Nation(1750-1789),Early National(1789-1830),and Antebellum(1830-1860) Periods 11 Civil War(1861-1865),Reconstruction and Growth(1865-1917),and Post-World War I(1917- ONO present)Periods 12 Previous Research Relevant to the Project Area 13 Archaeological Field Methods and Results 22 Area A 22 Area B 23 Systematic Shovel Testing in Area B 25 Deep Testing in Area B 32 Research Summary and Management Recommendations 39 '® References 43 Appendix 1: Phase I Geoarchaeological Field Investigations in Area B of the Belvedere/SOCA Project Area, Albemarle County,Virginia. Daniel R. Hayes 51 Introduction 53 Environmental Background 53 WON Methods 54 Results 56 Pre-Settlement Alluvium 56 Post-Settlement Alluvium 60 0111 Summary 62 References 63 Appendix 2: Summary Table of Mechanical Trenches Excavated in Area B. Daniel R. Hayes 65 Appendix 3: Representative Geoarchaeological Profile Description. Daniel R. Hayes 71 Appendix 4: Phase I Artifact Inventory. Jennifer Aultman 74 .. Appendix 5: VDHR Site Forms 84 a a Belvedere/SOCA Phase I ww List of Figures Figure 1: Detail of USGS 7.5-minute series Charlottesville East quadrangle showing the location of the project area 1 "' Figure 2: Preliminary project design files produced by Cline Design,Charlottesville showing the locations of the proposed ridge top(Area A) and floodplain(Area B) soccer facilities within the Belvedere development property 2 """ Figure 3: Aerial view(2002)of the eastern portion of the Belvedere development property showing the locations of Areas A and B and archaeological sites previously identified in the vicinity.Aerial imagery provided by Albemarle County 3 Mb Figure 4: Early 20`h-century aerial view(USDA 1937 of the eastern portion of the Belvedere development property showing the locations of Areas A and B. Note the extent of cleared agricultural lands 3 +•o Figure 5: View of the Area B floodplain from the northeast at the onset of Phase I fieldwork 4 Figure 6: Map showing previously recorded archaeological sites within a one-mile radius of the project area 15 Figure 7: Map showing previously recorded architectural resources within a one-mile radius of the project area 15 Figure 8: Aerial overlay showing the location of Sites 44AB19,44AB20,and 44AB33 in Area B 19 Figure 9: Correspondence between landmarks shown on C. G. Holland's 1942 sketch map of the Dunlora floodplain(right)and 1937 (USDA)aerial photography 21 Figure 10: Map showing the location of Phase I Survey Area A with positive and negative shovel tests and previously identified archaeological sites 22 Figure 11: Topographic map of Area B and three representative cross-sections of the floodplain surface24 eft Figure 12: Map of Area B showing the distribution of prehistoric artifacts recovered during systematic Phase I shovel testing,the locations of mechanically excavated deep tests, and previously recorded sites 27 MR Figure 13: Map of Area B showing the distribution of prehistoric ceramics relative to all prehistoric artifacts recovered during systematic Phase 1 shovel testing and the locations of previously identified sites 29 Figure 14: Map of Area B showing the locations of historic artifacts recovered during Phase I shovel Ul` testing and the location of a stone wall along the northwestern side of Area B 30 Figure 15: View facing west of the stone wall along the northwestern side of Area B 31 Figure 16: Mechanical trench DT-13 viewed from the north. Note the semicircular,possible cultural feature(near the center of the photograph)extending down from darker gray 2A pre- settlement alluvium into lighter yellowish brown 2B alluvium 33 Figure 17: Eastern end of mechanical trench DT-01 viewed from the north. The cluster of fire-cracked rock(Feature 1)left of the chalkboard was exposed approximately 1.47 m(4.8 ft) below grade in a 2BC horizon of pre-settlement alluvium 33 Figure 18: Distribution map of artifacts collected during mechanical trenching overlaid on the shovel alb testing assemblage distribution map 35 Figure 19: Distribution map of prehistoric ceramics collected during mechanical trenching overlaid on the shovel testing assemblage distribution map 36 Figure 20: Map of Area B showing the VDHR mapped locations of previously identified sites (yellow) and the provisional boundaries of these resources(red hatching)as determined by Phase I survey 41 iv us Belvedere/SOCA Phase I List of Figures (cont'd) ,.. Figure A.1: Profile drawing of a section of the north wall of DT-01 57 Figure A.2: Profile drawing of a section of the north wall of DT-02 58 Figure A.3: Profile drawing of a section of the north wall of DT-16 59 List of Tables ""' Table 1: Prehistoric periods and dates 6 Table 2: Summary list of previously recorded archaeological sites within a one-mile radius of the project area 16 Table 3: Previously recorded architectural resources within or near the project area 17 Table 4: Date ranges of projectile points recovered during mechanical trenching in Area B 37 Table 5: Locations of diagnostic lithic artifacts recovered during Phase I archaeological and geoarchaeological investigations in Area B 38 Table A.1: Summary Table of Mechanical Trenches Excavated in Area B 65 Aar V emit us Belvedere/SOCA Phase I or ON r NO i ON NI NO NO NO WO INN N O UN ON NO Mt vi NO I Belvedere/SOCA Phase I page 1 of 50 iIntroduction Purpose and Goals ' Between November 5 and November 16, 2007 Rivanna Archaeological Services, under contract with Stonehaus Inc., conducted Phase I archaeological surveys across two portions of the Belvedere Development property in Albemarle County that together comprise approximately 18 I acres (Figure 1). Phase I archaeological survey of the two portions of the property, designated Area A and Area B, was requested of Stonehaus Inc. by the Planning Division of the Albemarle County Department of Community Development in response to an application for a Special Use I Permit. The_goal of the Phase I survey was to identify historic resources potentially located within the two study areas and to provide a preliminary assessment of their extent, character, possible significance, and the potential for adverse impacts to such resources associated with the I planned construction of recreational athletic fields in the two locations. The Phase I study entailed systematic shovel testing across both Area A and Area B as well as a program of mechanical deep trenching and geoarchaeological analysis in Area B. I , ...t� • Stephen Thompson served as t ,_ the project's Principal • „' I Investigator, field director, ,.., and primary report author. ^ _ a _' Y Nick Bon-Harper, Chris ,, Y `w._ as ' Mundy, and Lindsay Bloch ,; : +� served as archaeological field ,. . -. - f '; t.. technicians. Artifact analysis ,' 0# ,. 4® ,;. I was conducted by Jennifer r f Aultman assisted by Lindsay :° i •Bloch. Dan Hayes designed it * ..,' and directed the geoarchaeo- logical study of Area B. •` ,ky • Hayes' full report is appears • =. t" .. ., in Appendix 1 of this report i° ,: I 4 . with supporting documents in .- Appendix 2 and Appendix 3. •�' a Aultman's artifact inventory r +° '` 111 in presented in Appendix 4. ` Figure 1: Detail of USGS 7.5 " a� '`" , k- ".4 .r 4 • Ti1d.l. .R. 1.1 t !�-.1.. '' minute series Charlottesville o 5 1 Mlles East quadrangle showing the �„_ 0 - t t 5 2 2 5 Kdometer, :0. . R location of the project area. J-- ....,.,.,--'--- i l I I 1 I Belvedere/SOCA Phase I page 2 of 50 I Description of the Proposed Undertaking and Project Area Stonehaus Inc. in partnership with the Soccer Organization of Charlottesville-Albemarle (SOCA) I proposes to develop recreational athletic facilities in Area A and Area B of the Belvedere Development property. According to preliminary project design plans provided by Stonehaus (Figure 2), a multi-purpose athletic field will be constructed in Area A while four playing fields I along with access road,parking, and maintenance facilities are planned for Area B. ` i4 I t r..... N,anruR '� „ Area A Area B 44 . ` 1-' ! • 4 w :t I Reuramr. 1, ^ 1' IP a I if;'* 'f' ,e . Rrvxv,( way elr f -1N ,` I �. yr / # ,,,,,4f e. 1 7 U .,1 -'''' tii ' _w I FaMWrwa, t un fwid .4 Figure 2:Preliminary project design files produced by Cline Design, Charlottesville showing the locations of the I proposed ridge top(Area A)and floodplain(Area B)soccer facilities within the Belvedere development property. Area A covers approximately 2.4 acres of level to gently sloping terrain along the Belvedere Iridge and is located between 230 ft and 520 ft southwest of Belvedere Farm (Figure 3). Belvedere Drive, the graveled road leading to Belvedere Farm, passes through the southeastern side of Area A. Elsewhere, Area B is heavily overgrown in small trees and a dense, brushy understory. At the time of Phase I fieldwork, an approximately 30-ft-wide swath along the I northwestern side of Area A had been cleared and heavily disturbed by the installation of a sanitary sewer line that will serve the Belvedere development. Aerial photographs taken in the early 20th century (USDA 1936-37, 1957) reveal that Area B had been cleared for agriculture I (Figure 4). A previously identified archaeological site, 44AB340, an extensive scatter of largely non-diagnostic prehistoric lithic artifacts, is located approximately 200 ft northeast of the northwestern corner of Area A. Site 44AB341, another extensive scatter of comparable I prehistoric stone artifacts, is located along the spine of the Belvedere ridge some 550 ft southwest of Area A. I I 2 I L kBelvedere/SOCA Phase I page 3 of 50 .,i I . . , . , „-1 Y•T l,w '• , 4- ,•..... 1 sJ yam( s 1 7 a ' - 1,- 4r, . • .- , .... • , , , , . 1 boundary of the Bette A t rf +. A \ Deve/opment properly,. ray NS:qI / N '� . 44A6022 .„..y1 �•"' Figure 3: Aerial view (2002) of the eastern I ,' "."1 portion of the Belvedere development property v / showing the locations of Areas A and B and o tih ; archaeological sites previously identified in .„../ o kter, the vicinity. Aerial imagery provided by - "" .'"' .'�. ! ' 1) Albemarle County. 11411"TrotH" •.2,4 ty ° .. /f l' ea ' d> / • Beh- a o,, x+ ` of ' % A lveo'ere 1 Figure 4: Early 20`h-century aerial view �, -,R.;, ►4 I (USDA 1937 of the eastern ' ( f portion of the , Belvedere development property showing the 1 .as « ? 0 Soo t,OQo •.soo 2.000 2,500 3,000 Feet locations of Areas A and B. Note the extent r ' of cleared agricultural lands. 0 200 400 600 800 Meters i3 IIM I Belvedere/SOCA Phase I page 4 of 50 i Area B, located along the eastern side of the Belvedere property, encompasses approximately 15.75 acres of former agricultural field within roughly level, 100-year floodplain on the south I side of the South Fork of the Rivanna River. Area B measures approximately 1700 ft north- south and is bounded on both its northern and southern sides by small,unnamed tributaries of the Rivanna. A third small tributary enters the floodplain near the center of its western side and I travels south along the western edge of Area B in what appears to be an artificially constructed channel. Prior to canalization, this central stream probably crossed the floodplain east-west near its mid-point, an hypothesis that is supported by an examination of earlier aerial photographs I over the area (see, for example, Figure 4). The floodplain is bounded to the west by the base of a steep, wooded slope. The northern half of Area B averages approximately 500 ft wide and narrows to approximately 180 ft at its southern end. Although once cleared for agriculture, Area B had become overgrown in tall weeds, grasses, and young saplings and was bush-hogged just prior to Phase I fieldwork (Figure 5). Three archaeological sites (44AB19, 44AB20, 44AB33) containing both Archaic and Woodland Period prehistoric Native American remains were I recorded in Area B on the basis of opportunistic surface collections made in the 1940's. I I I I I Iws. Figure 5: View of the Area B floodplain from the northeast at the onset of Phase I fieldwork. r r r 4 r MN Belvedere/SOCA Phase I page 5 of 50 rr Project Background and Documentary Research Review of Existing Data Documentary research relevant to the Belvedere/SOCA Phase I project area was carried out in ,.. the collections and archives of the Virginia Department of Historic Resources (VDHR), Alderman Library and the Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library at the University of Virginia, the Charlottesville-Albemarle Historical Society, the Albemarle County Courthouse, .. and the Virginia State Library. Specific resources examined include a wide range of maps (Gilmer 1864, Michler 1866, Hotchkiss 1867, Peyton 1875, Massie 1907, Pitner 1920, USGS 1935, Devereax et al. 1940), studies of local history (Woods 1932, Watts 1948; Jones 1950; . Dabney 1951; Webb 1955; Moore 1976) and of the development of regional transportation networks (Pawlett 1975, 1981, Lay 2000; McGehee and Trout 2001), as well as relevant property deeds, plats and personal wills. Environmental Context The Belvedere/SOCA project area is located within Virginia's Piedmont physiographic province WO 0.5 - 0.8 mi northeast of the confluence of the North and South Forks of the Rivanna River. Area A is located along the crest of a northeast-southwest trending ridge and Area B lies within the south floodplain of the South Fork of the Rivanna River. The entire area is underlain by the .. Precambrian Charlottesville Formation, which is comprised primarily of massive beds of quartz biotite gneiss (Nelson 1962:22). Elevations within Area A range between 495 ft amsl in the southeastern corner and 460 ft amsl along the northwestern side. Soils within Area A have been . mapped most recently as Cullen loam (2% to 7% slopes), a deep and moderately permeable soil well suited to cultivation, pasture, and hay crops (Carter et al. 1985). In Area B, elevations range between approximately 340 ft amsl in the north and 335 ft amsl in the south. Soils in the .- eastern, riverside half of Area B are mapped as Toccoa fine sandy loam, a deep and well-drained soil common to floodplains of the area. Heavier, more finely grained soils are mapped in the western half of Area B and include Chewacla silt loam at the northern and southern ends of the . floodplain and Wehadkee silt loam at the center. Both of these are moderately permeable soils common to low-lying areas. While well-suited to agriculture and pasture, Chewacla soils are somewhat poorly drained and are characterized by a seasonal high water table at depths of 0.5 — 1.5 ft in the winter and spring. Wehadkee soils are poorly suited for cultivation and only moderately well-suited to pasture and hay crops. Wehadkee soils are poorly drained and characterized by a high water table at depths less than 2.5 ft below the surface. In an earlier soil .. survey of Albemarle County (Devereaux et al. 1940), soils throughout Area B were mapped as Congaree loam, a highly productive alluvial soil found within the County's major river valleys. Archaeological evidence indicates that later prehistoric (Woodland Period) agricultural populations in the region heavily favored settlement sites on or near Congaree soils (Holland 1978:35-35; Hantman 1985:133). 5 .. stir Belvedere/SOCA Phase I page 6 of 50 war Prehistoric Cultural Context Virginia's prehistoric period traditionally is divided into three major chronological periods: Paleo-Indian, Archaic, and Woodland, with the latter two periods being subdivided into Early, - Middle,and Late periods (Table 1). Paleo-Indian ?—8,000 BC Early Archaic 8,000 BC—6,500 BC Middle Archaic 6,500 BC—3,000 BC Late Archaic 3,000 BC— 1,200 BC ,g„ Early Woodland 1,200 BC—AD 300 Middle Woodland AD 300—AD 1,000 Late Woodland AD 1,000—AD 1600 Table 1: Prehistoric periods and dates. These prehistoric periods are defined both by diagnostic artifact types and by broad patterns of settlement, subsistence, technology, and socio-cultural organization defined by research carried out throughout Virginia and the broader mid-Atlantic region. Over the long course of central Virginia prehistory, a series of broad developmental trends have been discerned through the "• analyses of archaeological remains that articulate and give interpretive meaning to this periodization. These trends include 1) on-going adaptive response to changing climatic and environmental conditions, 2) generalized population growth over the long-term, 3) increasing intensification of production, 4) progressive exploitation of and settlement within riverine environments, 5) increasingly sedentary lifestyles, 6) growing organizational complexity, 7) the development of ceramic technology, and 8) the adoption of horticulture. The manufacture and use of ceramics marks the divide between the Archaic and Woodland Periods. Hunting and gathering economies were the mainstay of Native American subsistence over most of the vast arc of eastern North American prehistory, with agriculture becoming firmly established only by the •r Late Woodland (ca. A.D. 1000). By the 1730s, when Euro- and Afro-American settlement began in earnest in the region that was to become Albemarle County, Native Americans appeared to have largely disappeared from the landscape. Population loss through disease, warfare, enslavement, and out-migration may well have played a role, although Native peoples may also have deliberately concealed themselves in out-of the way places and/or among other socially marginal groups along the advancing colonial frontier. .rr The following summary of the major periods of central Virginian prehistory provides a fuller interpretive context for known archaeological resources in the vicinity of the project area and .. helps to generate expectations for potential new archaeological discoveries within the Belvedere/SOCA project area. Paleo-Indian Period(prior to ca. 8,000 BC) In Virginia, as throughout North American, the earliest prehistoric inhabitants are referred to as Paleo-Indians. Paleo-Indian populations colonized North America towards the end of the r•• Pleistocene Epoch when the continent was still dominated by Late Glacial climatic and environmental conditions and a natural landscape with no modern parallel. Traditionally, earliest Paleo-Indian settlement in Virginia and throughout North American is associated with .r distinctive, fluted lanceolate projectile points of the Clovis type. The appearance of Clovis SD 6 Belvedere/SOCA Phase I page 7 of 50 technology in Virginia traditionally is dated ca. 9,500 BC (Gardner 1977, 1989). Recent radiocarbon dates from pre-Clovis layers at the Cactus Hill site in Sussex County suggest that the ' earliest Paleo-Indian occupation in the Virginia Tidewater may have begun as early as ca. 13,000 BC (Bower 2000; Parfit 2000), however the dating and interpretive significance of pre-Clovis horizons along the mid-Atlantic coast remains a topic of on-going debate and research. Paleo-Indian lifeways have been characterized primarily in terms of a highly mobile, subsistence-based economy perhaps focused on the hunting of large mammals (many of which are now extinct) supplemented by small game hunting and generalized foraging. On the basis of research at and around the Thunderbird Site in Warren County, Gardner (1981, 1989) proposed an integrated Paleo-Indian site typology that includes lithic quarries, quarry-related base camps, Jab lithic reduction stations, base camp maintenance stations, outlying hunting sites, and isolated point sites. Lithic artifacts of the Paleo-Indian period invariably are made of high quality cherts and jaspers and Paleo-Indian sites in Virginia tend to be located near natural sources of these "' cryptocrystalline rocks (Gardner 1979:12-14; Turner 1989). While finds of Clovis points, invariably from the surface, have been made throughout Virginia, the greatest geographical concentration of Paleo-Indian materials occurs across the Tidewater and the southern Piedmont south of the James River (Turner 1989:79; Mattson et al. 1995:5-6). Five Clovis points, all surface finds, have been recorded for all of Albemarle County (McCary 1984, nos. 77, 81, 315, 465, 601), with three of these coming from a single site near the town of Alberene in the southern half of the county. McCary's Clovis point no. 315 was discovered just east of Piney Mountain approximately four miles south of Charlottesville (Peg Weems, personal communication 2006; see also Holland 1978:42), while the fifth point (McCary's no. 465) was .. discovered east of the Southwest Mountains near the county's northeastern border. Counties bordering Albemarle all have fewer than five recorded Clovis finds (McCary 1984:286). In light of the known regional distribution of Paleo-Indian remains in central Virginia, the potential to recover material of this period in the current project area is considered extremely low. Archaic Period (ca. 8,000-1,200 BC) The onset of the Archaic Period is traditionally associated with the end of the Pleistocene and the initiation of a warmer and drier climate. During the course of the Archaic Period, the climatic changes resulted in a progression from boreal woodland environments dominated by spruce and pine to mixed deciduous-coniferous forests. The end of the Archaic Period corresponds closely INS to a trend towards cooler, moister conditions and the onset of essentially modern climatic and environmental regimes (Carbone 1976:200-202; Delcourt and Delcourt 1981). During the Early Archaic (ca. 8,000 — 6,500 BC), human adaptations appear to have remained similar to those of the preceding period (Gardner 1989:22) with, perhaps, a shift in focus to the hunting of smaller mammals following the extinction of Pleistocene megafauna. Corner- and $.. side-notched projectile points, indicating changes in hafting technology possibly associated with the use of the spear-thrower (atlal), are hallmarks of the Early Archaic, and other flaked and chipped stone tool types also appeared. Early Archaic stone tool technology, following the ,.. Paleo-Indian precedent, utilized similar cryptocrystalline rock with a strong emphasis on raw material curation. 7 Belvedere/SOCA Phase I page 8 of 50 rw The Middle Archaic Period (ca. 6,500 BC — 3,000 BC) corresponds to the full transition from pre-Boreal/Boreal environments to mixed coniferous-deciduous forests of the Atlantic episode .. (Carbone 1974:76). A variety of stemmed projectile points are characteristic of the period, with bifurcate stemmed types such as LeCroy and St. Albans marking the earlier Middle Archaic, and straight or contracting stemmed types such as Stanly, Kirk Stemmed, Morrow Mountain and the ,r,,, lanceolate Guilford type marking the period's later part. The stemmed and side-notched Halifax point form is alternatively dated to the latter Middle Archaic or the earlier part of the ensuing Late Archaic/Transitional (Coe 1964; Gleach 1987:89; Egloff and McAvoy 1990; Klein and Klatka 1991; Mouer 1990:25). The Middle Archaic period also marks a shift in lithic resource preferences towards more widely distributed and locally available materials such as quartz and quartzite (Gardner 1989:23; Mouer 1990: 100). A study of Albemarle County sites by Parker ,r„ (1990) suggests considerable continuity in settlement locations between the Early and Middle Archaic. According to this study,Middle Archaic sites tend to be small and to be more common to upland as opposed to floodplain settings. Overall, Middle Archaic sites are far more numerous throughout the Piedmont (Gardner 1983, 1987) than sites of the Paleo-Indian and Early Archaic Periods, suggesting regional population growth. um The Late Archaic (ca. 3,000 BC — 1,200 BC) appears to have been characterized by marked increases in population, decreases in territorial range, larger site sizes and increasingly sedentary lifestyles, and a heightened preference for riverine environments over preceding periods (Catlin et al. 1982; Mouer 1989; 1990). Soapstone, available locally in the southern part of Albemarle .� County, became widely used during the period for the manufacture of carved stone vessels. Diagnostic lithic tool types of the Late Archaic include various, often large, stemmed and side- notched knife and projectile point types including Lamoka, Susquehanna, and Perkiomen forms, and, by the end or Transitional stage of the Late Archaic, wide-spread use of the large, broad bladed, Savannah River type. Woodland Period(ca. 1,200 BC—AD 1,600) The onset of the Early Woodland Period (ca. 1,200 BC — 500 BC) traditionally has been marked by the appearance of ceramics in the archaeological record (Klein and Klatka 1991:142). The earliest Woodland ceramics resemble in form soapstone vessels of the preceding Late Archaic and, in fact, these early clay pastes contain crushed soapstone as a tempering agent. Various stemmed projectile points including the Calvert, Rossville, Piscataway, Potts Corner-Notched and, perhaps, a small variant of the Savannah River type, are characteristic of the Early Woodland Period. Analysis of archaeological data from the central Virginia Piedmont is suggestive of a preference for floodplain/riverine settings during the Early Woodland (Klein and Klatka 1991:155-157), however the possibility that regional paleoenvironmental processes resulted in the deep burial, and hence low identification rate, of earlier Archaic Period sites in these settings may partially explain this pattern (Klein and Klatka 1991:157, 169). According to Holland's (1978:31) study of Albemarle County prehistoric sites, settlements of the Early Woodland Period are limited to the floodplains of the James River along the County's southern boundary. The Middle Woodland Period (ca. 500 BC — AD 900) in the central Virginia Piedmont is characterized by the appearance of cord- and net-impressed ceramics tempered with sand and WE ar 8 es mis Belvedere/SOCA Phase I page 9 of 50 rr crushed rock (typically quartz). The riverine focus of settlement continues, with sites found along both higher and lower order streams in the region (Hantman and Klein 1992). In addition to stemmed projectile point types, larger triangular forms also appeared during the Middle Woodland. Holland's (1978:31) study of Albemarle County prehistoric sites suggests settlement within the Rivanna River floodplain may have begun or, at least, intensified during the Middle "" Woodland. The Late Woodland Period (ca. AD 900—AD 1,600) in the central Virginia Piedmont is marked by the appearance of agriculture and of year-round villages situated along the region's major rivers. In Albemarle County, this riverine focus is exemplified by Holland's (1978) observation that 86% of all Woodland sites are located on soils of the Congaree series (according to the ION Devereux et al. 1940 classification scheme). Congaree soils, ranked as the region's most productive agricultural soils, are limited to river floodplains and, locally, are particularly extensive in the floodplains at and north of the confluence of the North and South Forks of the " Rivanna. Beyond the inferences drawn from site location, Hantman and Klein (1992:150-151) and Mattson et al. (1995:9) provide recent reviews of more direct evidence supporting an agriculturally based economy during the Late Woodland Period. Late Woodlands Period peoples of the central Virginia Piedmont also created communal accretional burial mounds in which bones of deceased members of the group were periodically interred (MacCord 1986). Such a mound, located in the floodplain of the Rivanna's South Fork near Carrsbrook, was explored by Thomas Jefferson (Bushnell 1914, MacCord 1986), and another Late Woodland burial mound existed along the banks of the Rapidan River in Orange County (Holland et al. 1983; Dunham et al. 2003). Late Woodland ceramics within the central Piedmont region are highly diverse and 1110 include crushed rock tempering with fabric- and cord-marked surfaces similar to Middle Woodland wares as well as sand tempered cord-marked wares (Hantman and Klein 1992:146- 147). Small triangular projectile point types associated with bow-and-arrow use also appeared M• during the Late Woodland Period. Earlier views that the Late Woodland Period in the central Virginia Piedmont was characterized by essentially egalitarian social organizations (Holland 1978; Holland et al. 1983) have been challenged by Hantman (1990) who holds that hierarchical .11 social formations, specifically chiefdoms, developed during this period. Historic Cultural Context 41110 Contact Period(AD 1607—ca. 1750) Although European colonists began settling the Virginia Tidewater region in earnest following the establishment of Jamestown in 1607, the inevitable push of Euro- and Afro-American settlement westward did not reach the eastern Piedmont until the late 17th century and the first permanent, non-native settlements within the region that was to become Albemarle County did not occur until the second quarter of the 18th century. In the central Piedmont region, as Moore (1976:6) has noted, much of Virginia's earliest `historic' era can be classified as the last stage of the long prehistoric era. John Smith's well-known 17th century map of the region records the Native American village of Monasukapanough (44AB0018) as being in the vicinity of Carrsbrook, near the location of the burial mound later excavated by Jefferson, although how long Monasukapanough remained occupied is uncertain. As mentioned above, native inhabitants of the region, commonly known as Monacan, appear to have largely disappeared by the time Euro-American settlement began in earnest towards the middle of the 18t century. Sporadic reports of Native Americans visiting burial mound sites in the region are, however, known from 9 alit Belvedere/SOCA Phase I page 10 of 50 err the later 18th and early 19th centuries (Moore 1976:5-6). Well-documented Contact Period Native American sites are extremely rare in the region. Hantman (personal communication 2005) has argued that many of these sites may have been lost to the extensive erosion induced by „s„ Euro-American agricultural practices, and thus cannot be directly correlated with local Native American population levels. Whether the recently excavated Contact Period Lickinghole Creek Site (44AB416)near Crozet represents a typical settlement of the period or simply one of the few •• to have survived because of its geographical setting remains uncertain (Hantman et al. 1993). The difficulty in identifying Contact Period sites may be further compounded by the region's native inhabitants disinclination to associate themselves with the colonizing population and thus European imports, important for dating Native American sites of the period (Hantman et al. 1993). Although Native Americans may well have remained in the region in out-of-the way locations, it seems quite clear that the landscape appeared largely deserted to the first colonial us settlers who began moving into the area in the 1820s and 1830s (Moore 1976:1-2). By 1750, every section of what was to become Albemarle County had been to some degree settled by Euro-American landowners (Dabney 1951:19). The parts of the County to be settled earliest, beginning in the late 1720s and 1730s, consisted of a broad band of territory encompassing the Southwest Mountains and the adjacent Rivanna River valley and continuing es south along the flanks of Carter's and Green Mountains in addition to lands along the James River. Along the eastern flanks of the Blue Ridge, early settlers also moved into the region from the Shenandoah Valley to the west (Moore 1976:19-20). Roughly one-quarter of the nearly 200 land grants made in the region between 1727 and 1745 were greater than 1,000 acres (Moore 1976:21). In the 1730s during the earliest years of Euro-American expansion into what was to become Albemarle County, Major Thomas Can of Caroline County patented as much as 10,000 acres of land along the Rivanna River and Southwest Mountains before his death in 1737. Most of Thomas Carr's Albemarle County property passed to his son, John Can of Bear Castle_in Louisa County (Lay 2000:124). Although neither Thomas Can nor John Can ever lived on their Albemarle County holdings, a house may have been built around 1735 on what was to become the Dunlora tract on the south bank of the Rivanna's South Fork to satisfy legislative 10, requirements designed to encourage settlement west of the Tidewater (Underwood et al. 2004:11). Following the death of John Can around 1778, the estate was divided between his four sons,-with Samuel Can receiving 500 acres comprised largely of prime agricultural "low grounds" along the Rivanna River, property containing the current Phase I survey Area B and that formed the core of the Dunlora plantation (ACDB 6:524). According to Lay (2000:126, 145), Samuel Can built the first family residence at Dunlora and shortly after his brothers, Thomas and Garland, constructed houses at neighboring Carrsbrook and Bentivar, repectively. When he died childless in 1777, Samuel Can's Dunlora property passed to his nephew, also named Samuel Carr, son of his brother Dabney Can and Thomas Jefferson's sister, Martha. The present of the original land grants made to Thomas Carr in Phase 730 (Bob Vernon, person located within one _ Personal communication 2007). Area'A, located on the adjacent ridge top to the west, lies within a 200-acre land grant made to Charles Moorman, Jr. in 1738. ■'r' Within 25 years, this 200-acre property had passed-to-William.Johnson, the first settler known to live on and probably farm the land (ACDB 3: 358; 9:451). By the onset of the 19th century, the younger Samuel Can had acquired the Moorman/Johnson tract and incorporated it into his ■r 10 Belvedere/SOCA Phase I page 11 of 50 growing Dunlora estate. Almost certainly, both Area A and B were cleared for agriculture by the middle of 18th century. Throughout the 18th century, Albemarle County was virtually entirely rural and devoted to agricultural pursuits. Although other crops were grown, tobacco was the principal crop, especially among the larger "planters," serving both as a source of income as well as its own currency (Dabney 1951:74; Moore 1976:31-35). Tobacco cultivation, especially in the hilly Piedmont, had an enormous effect upon the landscape and the fertility of the region's soils. Tobacco cultivation entailed the deliberate depletion of soil fertility to lower the plant's nicotine content to consumable levels. In addition, in the clayey soils of central Virginia, downslope plowing and the cutting of furrows between the rows of tobacco to enhance drainage were also common practices. These techniques of tobacco cultivation resulted in massive erosion and, typically, after a mere five years the soil was worthless (Fisher 1983:4). Getting tobacco to market was, of course, a major concern. Both the James River and the Rivanna, at least as far upstream as Milton, were navigatable and were used early on to ship tobacco east. Among the earliest roads into the Albemarle County region were the River Road, which followed the James, and the Three Notched Road (modern Rt. 250), which followed the Rivanna to the future site of Charlottesville and then ran west to cross the Blue Ridge at Woods Gap (Pawlett 1976:4, 6, 47, 94, 102, 169, 231; 1981:71, 81). Early north-south roads through the County include the Secretary's Road, which ran south from the Three Notched Road's Rivanna River crossing along the eastern flank of Carter's Mountain to the James River, and Coursey's Road (modern Rt. 20 North) running along the western flanks of the Southwest Mountains (Pawlett 1981). The Secretary's Mill Road (modern Rt. 20 South) ran along the western flank of Carter's Mountain between the Hardware River in the south and the Three Notched Road to the north. By 1845, Lynch's Ferry or Ford, a crossing of the Rivanna in the vicinity of Pen Park a •• short distance south of the current project area, was in place presumably connecting Coursey's Road east of the river with the early precursor of Park Street/Rio Road to the west, which led south to the Secretary's Mill Road (modern Rt. 20 South) (Pawlett 1981:23-24, 28; Lay 1978:1; �.. 2000:45). By the last decade of the 18th century, petitions were being made and work begun on extending the road north from Charlottesville, roughly present-day Rio Road, past Pen Park to a ford across the Rivanna near the current Southern Railway bridge at the northeastern corner of the Belvedere development tract(Pawlett 1975; details in Thompson 2005:16). Very few structures of the mid-18th century survive in the region and of those still standing, most ,. have been incorporated within later additions and remodelings. According to Lay (1978:6) the earliest colonial homes in the county were "simple homesteads" that showed "little concern for any formal or symmetrical arrangement of interior space." Gristmills, particularly associated ,.. with some of the larger estates, likely were quite common by the middle of the 18th century (Moore 1976:36), although extant structures are unknown. Colony to Nation (1750-17891, Early National (1789-1830), and Antebellum (1830-1860) Periods In 1762, following the reduction in size of Albemarle County, Charlottesville was founded as the new County seat at the intersection of the Three Notched Road with Secretary's Road and with Park Street/Rio Road. The new town remained small and the county continued its largely 11 r Belvedere/SOCA Phase I page 12 of 50 Sr agrarian pursuits. By the end of the 18th century, owing to the loss of British markets and widespread soil depletion, tobacco cultivation was waning in importance and area farmers were increasingly turning to the cultivation of wheat (Dabney 1951:74-75, 83-84; Moore 1976:25-36, ow 89; Fisher 1983:5). The profoundly deleterious effects of tobacco cultivation upon the landscape and productivity of the central Virginia Piedmont were increasingly recognized and the early decades of the 19th century witnessed a widening movement to transform regional to agricultural practices and to reclaim much of the region's "worn out" agricultural lands. In 1817, Thomas Jefferson and a number of other local planters formed the Agricultural Society of Albemarle, which was devoted to experimenting with and publicizing new techniques of m, cultivation and animal husbandry (Dabney 1951:103; Moore 1976:90). By 1821, John H. Cravens, widely regarded as one of the County's best farmers (Wood 1932:174; Jones 1950:26), owned both the Pen Park and Franklin estates flanking the Rivanna River a short ways south of ,,,,,, Dunlora and the current project area and here he set about establishing model farming practices (Jones 1950:25-27, 35-36). .o Transportation systems improved throughout the region during the early 19th century. In addition to an ever-growing network of roads (Pawlett 1975; 1981), a system of wing dams and sluices for batteaux navigation was in place on the Rivanna River above Milton by 1812 and dm during the second quarter of the century a series of locks and dams was constructed along the upper Rivanna (McGehee and Trout 2001:19-21, 29-30). Saw and grist mills sited along the Rivanna and many other of the smaller streams in the region became increasingly common IN through the first half of the 19th century (Moore 1976:94-97). Rail transportation, in the form of the east-west Louisa Railroad (later known as the Virginia Central and then the Chesapeake and Ohio) reached Charlottesville by the middle of the 19th century, contributing significantly to the Mb town's growth as well as to the development of towns, commerce, and industry along its path (Jones 1950:145; Moore 1976:188). By the 1850s, corn and wheat had become the primary cash crops of Albemarle County, and overall the agricultural economy had become increasingly diversified(Jones 1950:36, 187). .. Slave labor remained at the core of the productivity of Piedmont agriculture and by 1820 enslaved African-Americans accounted almost 60% of Albemarle County's nearly 20,000 inhabitants (Moore 1976:115). Despite this proportionately large population, the sites of slave homes and burial grounds remain poorly known throughout the county, and in the main have survived only on some of the region's larger, better preserved antebellum plantations (Mattson et "" al. 1995:37-41, 95-96). Throughout the early 19th century, free blacks never accounted for more than 2% of the County's population. While some of these individuals lived and worked, often as skilled craftsmen, on larger rural estates or in quarters in and around Charlottesville and the "' University of Virginia (Ford 2002, 2003; Jordan 1995), others owned and farmed their own properties. The free African-American Bowles family owned property throughout the 19th century that abutted Dunlora plantation(Thompson 2005). ON Civil War (1861-1865), Reconstruction and Growth (1865-1917) and post-World War I (1917- 2006) Periods "' Albemarle County remained largely removed from the ravages of the Civil War, although in 1864 a raid at Rio Hill by Brigadier General George Armstrong Custer destroyed a mill and bridge over the South Fork of the Rivanna River despite the presence of encamped Confederate lb .n 12 um mot Belvedere/SOCA Phase I page 13 of 50 mil troops at the site (Brown 1964; Moore 1976:206-208). Following a nearly 12% decline in the number of farms in Albemarle County in the five years immediately following the end of the " Civil War, the next two decades witnessed a doubling in the number of farms as the properties of the large antebellum plantations were increasingly divided and sold amongst both newly freed African-Americans as well as significant numbers of immigrants from both the northern States "" and Europe (Webb 1955:55; Moore 1976:249). Alongside the fragmentation of the agrarian landscape into numerous smaller farmsteads came an increased agricultural diversification. Fruit production, in particular, grew in importance throughout the late 19th and early 20th centuries, "` with a primary focus on the cultivation of grapes, apples, and peaches (Webb 1955:59-60; Moore 1876:250; Mattson et al. 1995:14). Dairy and poultry products also gained increased economic significance for local farmers in the post-War decades (Devereux et al. 1940:6), while the growth ""' of various manufacturing industries further diversified the region's economic base and provided sources of wage labor for the region's growing, non-agricultural population(Webb 1955:74-82). ...• During the last quarter of the 19th century the region's railroad network expanded and Charlottesville was incorporated as a city, contributing the ultimate emergence of Charlottesville as the area's primary urban center. Among the railways opened during the late 19th century was A. the Charlottesville and Rapidan Railway, the present day Southern Railway that forms the northern boundary of the Belvedere development property. As Charlottesville's importance as a regional economic and political center grew many of the outlying towns in the region not located .. along the rail lines declined (Mattson et al. 1995:14-15, 50-51; Moore 1976:271-276). The closing decades of the 19th century also witnessed substantial African-American out-migration from the region (Moore 1976:237-238), although many of the small rural communities of African-Americans established throughout the region in the post-War years continued (Mattson et al. 1995:80-81). .. Through the first half of the 20th century, although agriculture remained an important regional pursuit, the introduction of hard-paved roads and the gasoline engine brought about important changes, including the expansion of urban and suburban housing onto former farm land around ... Charlottesville as well as the construction of hotels along major roadways in response to a growing tourism industry (Moore 1976:304-305, 389). The steady improvement of regional transportation systems also likely played a role in the shift of regional agriculture, at least .. through to the middle of the 20th century, away from the cultivation of wheat and corn and increasingly towards animal husbandry whether it be for beef or dairy products or horse breeding (Buttrick and Vance 1989:23; Moore 1976:344-345). According to Buttrick and Vance (1989:23), of Albemarle County's more than 200,000 acres of agricultural land, wholly 96% is now devoted to hay and pasture,reflecting the County's predominately forage-based agriculture. . Previous Research Relevant to the Project Area The Rivanna River valley is generally considered to be the site of the earliest archaeological excavations in North America. Around 1784 approximately one mile upstream from the current .. project area in the Carrsbrook floodplain, Thomas Jefferson conducted and recorded his remarkably (for the time) modern and systematic excavations of a Native American communal burial mound (Jefferson 1954; see also Holland 1978:29; Hantman 1985:25-27). Smithsonian .. researcher David Bushnell returned to the Carrsbrook area in the early 20th century an effort to relocate the site of "Jefferson's mound" and to find the Native American village of 13 Belvedere/SOCA Phase I page 14 of 50 ilb Monasukapanough depicted on John Smith's 1608 map of Virginia in roughly this area. During his summer-long stay in Albemarle County in 1911, Bushnell lived with the Moon family at Dunlora (Holland 1942:55). In 1942, Dr. C. G. Holland began to follow-up and extend nil Bushnell's Albemarle County research, building up a detailed county-wide database of prehistoric archaeological sites and materials. Conducting opportunistic surface surveys along the Rivanna River valley in the immediate aftermath of a massive October 1942 flood, Holland um devoted particular attention to the floodplain between Dunlora and Carrsbrook. Sketch maps and descriptions made in his notebook (Holland 1942:59-60) indicate that Holland collected prehistoric materials in the current project's Area B, apparently towards the northern end of the field. Holland also collected abundant prehistoric materials just across the stream that defines the southern boundary of Area B. Holland's early find spots were subsequently incorporated into the VDHR state-wide database of archaeological sites, however close study of Holland's notes r. and maps suggests a poor correspondence between these original records and many of the site locations indicated in the VDHR files. MO Other more recent archaeological efforts in the vicinity of the current project include a 1982 field school in the Carrsbrook floodplain organized by Dr. Bill Boyer of James Madison University and Bill Kelso, then staff archaeologist at Monticello (Boyer 1983). In 1988, John Milner and Associates carried out Phase I archaeological survey along a series of potential corridors for a planned U.S. Route 29 by-pass, including along the crest of the Belvedere ridge, and resulted in the identification of a large number of prehistoric and historic sites in the uplands immediately adjacent to the Rivanna River valley (Stevens and Seifert 1990). In 1999 and 2000, the University of Virginia in conjunction with Dan Hayes carried out a Phase I archaeological and geoarchaeological survey of the planned SOCA South Fork Soccer Park along the north side of the Rivanna approximately one mile upstream of the current project area. The U.Va./SOCA project documented the presence of extensive archaeological materials both in disturbed surface contexts and in relatively undisturbed, buried strata throughout the study area (Hantman 2000; Hayes 2000). The project also relocated Site 44AB0018, a large multi-component prehistoric om` site recorded by both Bushnell and Holland and thought to be the village site, potentially Monasukapanough, associated with the burial mound excavated by Jefferson on the opposite bank of the river. Further Phase II level testing of 44AB0018 was begun in 2000, however the .r results of this work remain unpublished. Finally, a 2003 reconnaissance survey conducted by the William and Mary Center for Archaeological Research (WMCAR) of the Belvedere development tract resulted in the identification of a series of archaeological sites and um architectural resources in the uplands adjacent to the Rivanna (Underwood et al. 2004). Rivanna Archaeological Services conducted subsequent Phase I survey of a 30-acre portion of the Belvedere development property in 2005 (Thompson 2005), as well as follow-up Phase II and Phase III investigations of several historic sites associated with the free African-American community of Free State (Thompson 2006a; 2006b; in preparation). mu Archaeological and architectural resource site files maintained by the Virginia Department of Historic Resources (VDHR) contain 21 previously recorded architectural resources and 42 previously recorded archaeological sites within one mile of the project area, including three archaeological sites located within Area B (Figure_6 Figure 7, Table_2.,.,T bae..3.)... Three- quarters (n. = Mirtliese"known afcli eoTog al sites contain material evidence of prehistoric occupation while approximately 40%(n. = 17)have historic era components. The relatively high ++b 14 um Belvedere/SOCA Phase I page 15 of 50 444814 414815 444664 k 128 - 44A8273 `J 44A6350 (7 . • 444861 4448270 444862 Vuit:a7,;tty" 44•.508 4648457 1 /"^`,•,•- •8340 44.4819 <>4448507 444620 4446509 44A8506 4446088 4446341 4448505 44A8032,.. 4448510 4446071 48374 44A1511 4448022 44A=.13 4448520 4448480 4748021 .C. � 8512 4446479 4448342 I . 4448347 444823 •.. Xt '".‘ 444824 ' Figure 6:Map showing previously Cgs 0 0.75 1 1:5___15 175 lades N recorded archaeological sites within a one- 0 55 1 1.5 ? 2 5 3 Kiiomete 1 — mile radius of the project area. I j rar" -0011 _. I r_ f 1 I 002-0127A. l5:r BenHvar 'i 3718 �", i O Q2 168. I 002.1 1 002-11908 0p 5053 •02-97 7g Jo2.8084 00 .51 002-123& / 1 X02.1718 002-0022 _.......~ 002-0068 - 8062` 4 Ridgway I 002 0 002-1714 0021716 �unbra 002-0 002-0139 -•'\ Figure 7: Map showing previously recorded -- -- `'` I ..,"� 0 0.25 0 5 0.75 t 1 25 1 5 1 75 2 Wes N architectural resources within a one mile radius of the project area. °5 °cmetels = 15 I Belvedere/SOCA Phase I pale 16 of 50 Site Period(s)of Occupation Recorder(s)and Date 44AB0014 Unidentified prehistoric Bushnell 1911,Holland 1942 44AB0015 Woodland?Probable location of Bushnell 1911,Holland 1942 "Jefferson's mound" 44AB0018 Late Woodland- Bushnell 1911,Holland 1942,UVA 1999-2000 Monasukapanough 44AB0019 Archaic,Woodland Holland 1942, 1978,WMCAR 2003 44AB0020 Archaic Holland 1942, 1978,WMCAR 2003 44AB0021 Archaic Holland, 1978 44AB0022 Archaic,Woodland Bushnell 1930("Moon Site") 44AB0023 Woodland Holland 1946 44AB0024 Woodland Holland 1978 44AB0031 Woodland VDHR 1979 44AB0032 Archaic VDHR 1979 44AB0033 Archaic VDHR 1979,WMCAR 2003 44AB0060 Archaic(Early,Middle,Late) Holland 1978 Woodland 44AB0061 Unidentified prehistoric Holland 1978 44AB0062 Unidentified prehistoric Holland 1978 44AB0064 Woodland Luckenbach 1973,UVA 1999-2000 44AB0088 ?Archaic VDHR 1979 44AB0128 Archaic(Middle,Late) Historic(unknown) 44AB0139 Historic(19th century canal lock) Trout 44AB0270 Unidentified prehistoric UVA 1985 44AB0273 Woodland UVA 1985 44AB0339 Archaic(Late) John Milner Associates 1988 Archaic(Late), .. 44AB0340 Woodland, John Milner Associates 1988 Historic(20th century) 44AB0341 Unidentified prehistoric John Milner Associates 1988,WMCAR 2003 44AB0342 Unidentified prehistoric Historic(19`h-201h century) John Milner Associates 1988 44AB0347 Unidentified prehistoric John Milner Associates 1988 44AB0350 Unidentified prehistoric John Milner Associates 1988 44AB0374 Historic(late 18`h-20`h century) John Milner Associates 1988,WMCAR 2003, Rivanna Archaeological Services 2005 44AB0457 Historic(mid-19th century) Rivanna Conservation Society,date unknown 44AB0479 Unidentified prehistoric Historic 2001 storic(20th century) WMCAR ... 44AB0480 Unidentified prehistoric Historic(20th WMCAR WCAR 2001 44AB0505 Archaic(Middle-Late) WMCAR 2003 44AB0506 Unidentified prehistoric WMCAR 2003 44AB0507 Unidentified prehistoric WMCAR 2003 44AB0508 Unidentified prehistoric WMCAR 2003 44AB0509 Historic(late 19`h-20`h century) WMCAR 2003 44AB0510 Historic(20`h century) WMCAR 2003 44AB0511 Historic(late 19`h-20`h century) WMCAR 2003 44AB0512 Historic(20th century) WMCAR 2003 44AB0513 Historic(20th century) WMCAR 2003 44AB0517 Historic(late 19`h-early 20th cent.) Rivanna Archaeological Services 2005 r.. 44AB0519 Historic(late 19`h-early 20th cent.) Rivanna Archaeological Services 2005 44AB0520 Historic(late 19`h-early 20th cent.) Rivanna Archaeological Services 2005 Table 2: Summary list of previously recorded archaeological sites within a one-mile radius of the project area. 16 .r ASO Belvedere/SOCA Phase I page 17 of 50 VDHR Resource Occupation Type Num. Other Name or ID Recorder(s)and Date and Construction Date 002-0011 Carrsbrook HABS 1967,Mickler, 1980,Hallock& Domestic,ca. 1780 Baynard 2006 .. 002-0022 Dunlora HABS 1957, 1967,O'Dell 1982,Hallock& Domestic,ca. 1770 Baynard 2006 002-0127 Bentivar HABS 1967,O'Dell, 1978,Mickler 1980, Domestic,ca. 1795 ,. Lay 1991 002-0139 Griffin Cemetery n.a. Funerary,20th cent. 002-0354 Bentivar dependency O'Dell 1980 Domestic,pre-1850 002-0906 Episcopal Church of Our O'Dell 1982,Hallock&Baynard 2006 Religious,ca. 1905 ""' Savior 002-0907 Rio Schoolhouse O'Dell 1982 School,ca. 1905 002-0908 Su Casa O'Dell 1982,Hallock&Baynard 2006 Domestic,ca. 1929 002-1238 log house O'Dell 1982 Domestic, 19th cent? 002-1680 Foster 1988 Domestic,ca. 1930 002-1681 Foster 1988 Domestic,ca. 1935 002-1713 44AB513 Foster 1988,Hallock and Hallock 2004 Domestic,ca. 1900 .., 002-1714 44AB342 Foster 1988 Domestic,late 19th? 002-1715 44AB511 Foster 1988,Hallock and Hallock 2004 Domestic,ca. 1900 002-1716 - Foster 1988 Domestic,ca. 1800 002-1717 44AB374 Foster 1988,Hallock and Hallock 2004 Domestic,ca. 1900 . 002-1718 Belvedere Foster 1988 Domestic,ca. 1850 002-5051 - Hallock and Hallock 2004 Domestic,ca. 1920 002-5052 44AB510 Hallock and Hallock 2004 Funerary,ca. 1900 002-5053 - Hallock and Hallock 2004 Domestic,ca. 1910 NM 002-5054 - Hallock and Hallock 2004 Domestic,ca. 1950 Table 3:Previously recorded architectural resources within or near the project area. density of prehistoric sites (38 site/sq. mi) probably is in part a consequence of the amount of archaeological attention the area has received, however it likely also reflects the important role played by the Rivanna River valley over the long course of prehistory. AMP Of the previously identified prehistoric sites within one mile of the project area, 10 have yielded evidence of Woodland Period occupation and 8 have evidence of Archaic components. Sixteen a of the previously identified prehistoric sites have not yielded sufficiently diagnostic artifacts to determine period of occupation. Half(n. = 15) of all known prehistoric sites within one mile of the current project area are located within the Rivanna floodplain, while fully two-thirds of all "` known prehistoric sites (n. = 23) are within 1000 ft of the river. Nine of the 10 sites with Woodland Period occupations are located within the Rivanna floodplain, while the 8 sites with Archaic Period components are evenly divided between floodplain and upland settings. ® Prehistoric sites lacking diagnostic artifacts indicative of occupational period are overwhelmingly (81%, n. = 13) concentrated in upland settings, a pattern that probably reflects repeated although relatively ephemeral visits to these locales over the long-term. Recorded historic sites and architectural resources within one mile of the project area include three Can family plantations established during the late 18th century (Carrsbrook, Dunlora, i" Bentivar) in close proximity to the highly desirable agricultural soils of the Rivanna floodplain. Ridgway, the early 19th-century seat of Peter Minor, is located south of Bentivar and east of a 17 a Belvedere/SOCA Phase I page 18 of 50 ow Dunlora along Redbud Creek just over a mile from the current project area. A single kaolin pipe stem reportedly collected together with abundant prehistoric artifacts at 44AB0020 in the 1940s probably also belongs to this early period of Euro-American settlement, while 002-0354 is likely Wile a 19th-century Bentivar dependency. Late 18th-early 19th century settlement has also been recovered from Site 44AB374 in the uplands flanking Dunlora that is associated with the century-long ownership of this property by free African-Americans (Thompson 2005, 2006a, . 2006b). Another 11 sites with archaeological and architectural evidence of late 19th-20th century occupation clearly are associated with the historically African-American community of Free State that developed out of this early free-holding, and it is possible that a poorly documented ...., log house along Huntington Road (002-1238) also belongs to this group of known historic era resources. The late 19th-early 20th century homes of Su Casa (002-0908) and Belvedere Farm (002-1718) are both located within the early boundaries of the Dunlora plantation and date to the .k period of fragmentation of the region's large antebellum estates, while historic remains present at site 44AB340 and 44AB509 likely represent outlying activity areas or tenancies associated with Belvedere. The earliest portion of the Church of Our Savior (002-0906) and the Rio Schoolhouse (002-0907) both date to the first decade of the 20th century when the town of Rio .. boasted an active railway station, as does the Griffin Cemetery(002-0139). Three previously identified archaeological sites (44AB0019, 44AB0020, 44AB0033) are located within the ca. 15.75-acre Area B in the Rivanna River floodplain (Figure 8). Extremely limited information is available regarding the sizes of these sites and only a center point is provided. e. According to VDHR site forms, Site 44AB0019 near the center of Area B was first identified in 1942 by C. G. Holland who made surface collections from the site, which at the time was under cultivation. Among the artifacts recovered by Holland were six Woodland Period triangular projectile points (of quartzite), several stone axes, a stone celt, and a number of other whole and "" fragmentary projectile points of unknown/unrecorded types made of locally available quartzite and quartz. No indication of the total aerial extent of Site 44AB0019 is provided on the VDHR site form. VDHR staff returned to Site 44AB0019 in 1979 to conduct mechanical trenching prior III* to installation of the Rivanna interceptor line. This work opened an approximately 550 sq ft area in search of intact cultural deposits and/or features. A 0.2 — 0.3-ft-thick buried topsoil was discovered approximately one foot below grade in portions of the area opened. Seven small """ circular features were identified extending into underlying but were determined to be natural in origin. Although the precise location of VDHR's mechanical excavation was not recorded, it was located within the Rivanna interceptor right-of-way (Keith Egloff,personal comm. 2007). "" Holland also recorded Site 44AB0020 at the southern end of Area B in 1942, collecting from its surface 28 projectile points of unrecorded type, the handle of a carved soapstone vessel, a large OM number of whole and fragmentary ground stone objects, as well as two fragments of historic-era kaolin pipes. Minimally, a (Late) Archaic date is suggested for this site. As with 44AB0019, no indication of this site's area is provided. Subsurface testing/examination by VDHR staff of a ". portion of Site 44AB0020 measuring 12 ft x 16 ft in 1979 in association with the installation of the Rivanna interceptor sewer line recorded "no features in the orange clayey subsoil" (VDHR site form), but no further information about floodplain soils or stratigraphy is provided on the summary form. UM IND 18 I IBelvedere/SOCA Phase I page 19 of 50 I )*- -n°'°'-'' e . SoJ�r 44AB003 1 r, 44AB0019 ` ' I I lk0 200 400 600 800 1.000 1,200 1,400 Peet 0 100 200 300 400 Meters Figure 8:Aerial overlay showing the location of Sites 44AB19, 44AB20, and 44AB33 in Area B. I Site 44AB0033 at the northern end of Area 2 appears to have been identified in 1978 or 1979 by VDHR staff, who estimated its extent as 150 ft x 150 ft. Collected materials consisted of quartz and quartzite flakes and fragmentary tools, apparently with no temporally diagnostic materials. I Mechanical excavation of an area 4 ft x 4 ft and 4 ft deep within the site area in 1978 or 1979, apparently by C. G. Holland, revealed no evidence of buried midden deposits or other cultural features, but the site form provides no more detailed information. IWMCAR's 2003 reconnaissance survey of the Belvedere property (Underwood et al. 2004), visited each of the three sites recorded in Area B. A single shovel test was excavated "near the I projected center" of 44AB0019. Stratigraphy exposed in this shovel test, dug to a depth of 3.8 ft (1.15 m) below grade, included two historic plow zones (between 0.0 and 0.52 ft (0 — 0.16 m) and 0.52 — 1.11 ft (0.16 — 0.34 m). Two non-diagnostic lithic artifacts were recovered from an I underlying 1.8-ft-thick deposit of yellowish red clay loam(1.11 —2.95 ft; 0.34—0.9 m), which in turn overlay a dark yellowish brown wet loamy clay mottled with light gray that extended to at least 3.74 ft (1.15 m) below grade. WMCAR also excavated a single shovel test at 44AB0020, Iexposing stratigraphy closely comparable to that recorded at 44AB0019 and recovering one i19 Belvedere/SOCA Phase I page 20 of 50 small quartz flake. Two shovel tests excavated near the projected center of Site 44AB0033 at the northern end of the field yielded chert and quartz flakes (one each) and a piece of fire-cracked rock. All prehistoric artifacts at 44AB0033 were recovered from compact clayey soils 0.98 — 2.95 ft (0.3 —0.9 m)below grade. The reconnaissance project concluded that all three sites were potentially eligible for listing on the National Register of Historic Places and recommended that Phase I survey should be conducted at each prior to development of the area (Underwood et al. 2004:32). Because of the extremely limited information available for each of the three Area B sites, Holland's original field notebooks were consulted along with the original field records of VDHR staff responsible for mechanical trenching at the sites in 1979 prior to Rivanna Archaeology's initiation of Phase I fieldwork. Holland's notes (1942:59) make clear that his surface collections in the area were made following a massive flood in October 1942 that clearly scoured portions of the Rivanna floodplain between Carrsbrook and Dunlora. His discovery of relatively dense concentrations of prehistoric artifacts principally within flood chutes cut into the level plain (see Figure 9) suggests strongly that these erosional channels exposed and possibly deflated previously buried artifact-bearing strata.' Only a sketch map of particularly rich find spots is provided in Holland's notebook (1942:60), and careful study of this map and the accompanying notes reveals the presence of only one such find spot or site within Area B of the current project .r area. This locale is clearly towards the northern end of Area B and appears to correspond approximately with the location of 44AB0033 as indicated in the VDHR site files. Holland also collected abundant artifacts including several stone axes, a soapstone bowl handle, kaolin pipe .W fragments, and numerous projectile points from a flood chute just south of the small stream that defines the southern boundary of Area B. Both the quantities and types of artifacts reported from fair this area in Holland's notebook closely match those listed on the VDHR site inventory form for 44AB0020, however VDHR records locate this site just north of the small stream rather than to its south. Neither Holland's notes or his accompanying sketch map contains any indication of artifacts being found in 1942 near the center of Area B where VDHR site files record the location for 44AB0019. Although it cannot be confirmed, examination of these original records strongly suggests that the transferal of Holland's find spots to USGS topographic maps by VDHR staff misread Holland's sketch map such that 44AB0020 (findspot 1 in Figure 9) was IMP placed north of the stream at the southern end of Area B and 44AB0019 (findspot 2) was placed near the center of Area B rather than at its northern end. Subsequently,when VDHR staff visited the locale in 1979 for testing prior to the installation of the Rivanna interceptor line, the discovery of surface artifacts towards the northern end of the area resulted in the identification of another site (44AB33) where 44AB19 should have been placed. It may also be the case that the stream marking the southern boundary of Area B, which appears to be within an artificially "" excavated channel, originally entered the Rivanna River north of the mapped location of 44AB0020, a possibility supported by a comparison of early and recent aerial photography. 1 Holland's description(1942:61)of one of these concentrations("findspot 1"on Figure 9)notes that"Three of the axes were found quite close to the river as shown on the diagram[reproduced here as Figure 9],and not more than 10 yards apart,in something of a straight line running down the path of the river when overflowing[emphasis added]. 20 III IBelvedere/SOCA Phase I page 21 of 50 ' .41=,` ' ' ■ I 1 1 ' - ciroo...)) / r \ l c* — - T,'fvoc oR Pipe PA HyMEA- ' �, ) s D. F4tp4 An nrr 6F OR NAME t"it t" 44,4:14, P,p F ' /./pNfl Ala jAitsr Chury .6,146 k i / ►" ...7.- •ro wwwgc spar* e s ,, I� / 4 � + or * r r`1 '! . 4 O/4 , '" • . � t pot q/a� ryl � we, , 14v(--04.s - P "4-- °- y,. ... . 1 . ,p I t pw�O �TG My rei •.. . D....} ,,.. . • P A ,,, ,-.: ......\-----, __,...,.,k...,.. ; * essifto 1 ., ' )))) ) )\ IFigure 9: Correspondence between landmarks shown on C. G.Holland's 1942 sketch map of the Dunlora floodplain(right)and 1937(USDA)aerial photography. I I I I I I I i21 A. I Belvedere/SOCA Phase I page 22 of 50 I Archaeological Field Methods and Results Area A I Prior to the initiation of fieldwork in Area A, a professional surveyor staked the corners of the 111 parcel for which Phase I survey had been requested. In Area A Phase I survey relied on the manual excavation of shovel tests systematically spaced at 50-ft intervals across the entire ca. 2.4-acre parcel, excluding the westernmost 30 ft which had been heavily disturbed by the recent Iinstallation of an underground sewer line to service the Belvedere development. Radial shovel testing around positive tests (those shovel tests yielding artifacts) was also conducted during the Phase I survey of Area A. Shovel tests were excavated to culturally sterile subsoil, with all removed soils screened through '/4-inch hardware cloth to ensure consistent artifact recognition I and recovery. In all, 67 shovel tests were excavated during the Phase I survey of Area A (Figure 10). / > / A,. Q negative shovel test • positive shovel test F I lithic(s) s positive shovel test °4 w historic artifact 44AB0340 ° r.- previously recorded ' archaeological site / • 5-ft contour /• Belt// I / '\, r Farm I. / , 111. / „, / , ,„• .. 1. ,100 1 .,,. ,.. ,. . .• • • • . / .,,,.., ... ., ,/J r • • �,.. N s° • •. • . • � � ,% Phase 1 Survey 1 Area A I.A ■ 44AB0341 -« • I i. I 0 200 400 600 800 Feet 0 100 200 300 Meters " Figure 10:Map showing the location of Phase I Survey Area A with positive and negative shovel tests and I previously identified archaeological sites. 1 22 Belvedere/SOCA Phase I page 23 of 50 Surface soils documented across Area A were typically shallow (< 0.8 ft deep), rocky to very rocky, reddish brown clay loams. Twelve shovel tests primarily concentrated along the northeastern side of Area A yielded a total of 42 prehistoric lithic artifacts. Quartz was the only raw material represented. The lithic assemblage recovered during Area A shovel testing NO included one core, 24 flakes/probable cultural flakes 16 pieces of shatter which may or may not be cultural in origin. No chronologically or functionally diagnostic lithic artifacts were recovered from Area A. This concentration of prehistoric remains extends across an area measuring approximately 100 ft x 100 ft and is bordered to both the northeast and southwest by broad, shallow gullies. Two very large, long, linear scatters of prehistoric lithic artifacts, 44AB340 and 44AB341, have been identified previously along the spine and northwestern slope of the Belvedere ridge (Figures 6, 10). Given the proximity of lithic materials recovered in Area A to Site 44AB340, a ca 1150 ft x 180 ft, low density scatter of prehistoric quartz artifacts, these materials are best considered outliers of this previously recorded extensive lithic scatter rather than a discrete site. Earlier Phase I survey within the Belvedere development tract (Thompson 2005) also documented extensive, low-density scatters of prehistoric lithics in these uplands bordering the Rivanna River valley as well as smaller concentrations. The ubiquity of such 4110111 prehistoric remains in this area, typically characterized by functionally and temporally non- diagnostic lithic artifacts manufactured of locally available quartz, clearly is an indication of the importance of these environs for Native American populations over the long arc of prehistory. However, many of these "sites" may well be the cumulative product of innumerable, short-term or otherwise ephemeral visits to specific settings or landforms rather than the material remains of chronologically and behaviorally discrete occupations or activities. The inherent difficulty in r. unambiguously associating material remains such as those recovered in Area A with specific, temporally bounded prehistoric activities combined with the presence of heavily eroded and deflated surface soils, and the relative frequency of this type of archaeological site locally and �•• regionally, the prehistoric materials recovered from Area A do not constitute a significant archaeologicalresdurue_and no further investigation is recommended._ In addition to prehistoric lithic artifacts, shovel testing in Area A also yielded three fragments of clear bottle glass and a �• single sherd of whiteware. These few historic period artifacts collected in Area A exhibit no clear patterning. The glass is likely a product of casual discard along Belvedere Drive while the single ceramic may be associated with nearby Belvedere Farm. Given the absence of a clear concentration of material culture associated with substantial historic occupation or activity within Area A, no further archaeological investigations are recommended.— :r Area B The ca. 15.75-acre Area B floodplain measures approximately 1,750 ft (533 m) north-to-south. The northern half of the floodplain has an average width of ca. 500 ft (152 m) while at its �.. southern end the floodplain narrows to roughly 200 ft (61 m) wide. Although relatively level, consistent variations in topography are evident both down the length (north-south) and across the width (east-west) of the landform as illustrated by a surface map and representative cross- • sections developed from GPS readings2 recorded for each shovel test and mechanical trench location (Figure 11). Typically, the highest elevations in Area B are along the crest of a natural vie 2 A Trimble ProXH receiver with an external Trimble Hurricane antenna was used. Following post-processing,the vertical accuracy of the GPS-collected data is typically sub-foot. Clearly erroneous GPS data points were discarded prior to generating the topographical map and cross-sections presented in Figure 11. 23 ... Belvedere/SOCA Phase I oade 24 of 50 lim / ,., / ,,, .... / UM B i UM (I/ NO Elevatlon li l' (ft above mean sea levet) i • 3305-331 5 I \ 331 5-332.5 332 5-333.5 r 333 5-334.5 334 5-335.5 335 5-336.5 I 44 i 336.5-337.5 \ 337 5-338.5 C' 338 5-341 Bq..())4 \ \ , ' \ ,,, \ h.• C..„../.4 ' 200 -4-----, 200 400 600,-.Feet-) .,,, ------, te. —M !5 ■! ! ,,,,,- A A' 341 Or . . . , 77, 340: • . • • . . ;-. 331 • i [ i 0 338 t , I. 337 1!. -400...............,........... - ........a.....e. 334 1 0 Z. B B' I 338 • : 0 33 44 ,j. 331•?,,,,,,,.. . 334:- i I C C. 139 : li 135 i J e : ei 337. ■•■■■•■•■•"+.■.4.4...4•4•1'..44'"'".'"..r...... , 33 4:■......... .4 333 , z & f feet I Figure 11: Topographic map of Area B and three representative cross-sections of the floodplain surface. I 24 I Belvedere/SOCA Phase I page 25 of 50 . • levee that borders the bank of the Rivanna. In the northern portions of the floodplain, another low, linear ridge is apparent down the center of the landform, although this second rise becomes MEI progressively less pronounced towards the south. A long, linear depression separating the bank- side levee and central ridge in the northern part of Area B likely is a flood chute or secondary channel caused by the erosive forces of riverbank overflow. In the northern half of the floodplain, the Rivanna interceptor line lies buried largely within this long, linear depression. A somewhat less pronounced linear declivity west of the central ridge in the northern half of Area A may also be flood chute. Higher terrain along the central western side of Area B west of Site 44AB0019 probably is the result of sediments carried into and deposited on the floodplain by the small drainage that descends from the adjacent hills at this point. In the narrow southern half of the floodplain, the terrain falls approximately four feet from the crest of the eastern bank-side "' levee to the western back side of the floodplain in what may be a continuation of the main flood chute present in the northern half of Area B. Phase I survey of Area B relied upon standard shovel testing strategies in conjunction with systematic deep mechanical trenching and analysis of soil stratigraphy. Dan Hayes of Hayes & Monaghan Geoarchaeologists, LLC, conducted the program of deep trenching. This report first presents the results of shovel testing in Area B followed by the findings of the program of deep testing. A subsequent section synthesizes the data collected during these two distinct components of the Phase I survey of Area B. Systematic Shovel Testing in Area B A total of 260 hand-excavated shovel tests spaced at 50-ft intervals were conducted across Area "" B, avoiding only the disturbed right-of-way of the Rivanna interceptor sewer line and a low, wet area in the southwestern portion of the field. Shovel tests measured 1.0 ft— 1.5 ft (0.3 m— 0.46 m) in diameter and routinely were excavated to a depth of 2.5 ft (0.76 m) below grade, the "' maximum practical limit for efficient shovel testing. All soils removed from shovel tests were screened through '/4-inch (0.64-cm) wire mesh to ensure consistent artifact recognition and recovery. Exposed soil stratigraphy was recorded for each shovel test on standardized field forms. Recovered artifacts were bagged by shovel test location and, where possible, approximate depths at which cultural materials were encountered and/or were most abundant were noted. Because of the depth of relatively recent alluvial soils throughout the floodplain the shovel-testing regimen followed in Area B can only be relied upon to identify archaeological materials and sites in the uppermost (2.5 ft/0.76 m) levels of the landform. As documented by the program of mechanical trenching and geoarchaeological analysis, the results of which are presented in the following section, more deeply buried cultural deposits are present in many-parts of the-floodplain: Although Phase I testing has confirmed the high potential for deeply buried archaeological deposits across.Area B, the full number and extent of such deposits cannot at present be known. In general, shovel testing in Area B encountered more coarsely grained, sandy soils towards the east and more finely grained, silty soils towards the west in the uppermost levels of floodplain alluvium. Despite these textural differences, soils higher up in the profile typically ranged in color from brown to strong brown to reddish brown. Surface soils also invariably exhibited clear - evidence of plowing down to depths ranging between approximately one foot and 2.5 ft (0.3 m— 0.75 m) below grade, and in some instances two or more vertically stacked plow zones were 25 ow Belvedere/SOCA Phase I page 26 of 50 ■r discernable in the stratigraphy exposed by shovel testing. In other cases, a surficial plow zone appeared to overlie undisturbed levels of relatively recent alluvium. With depth, shovel testing generally revealed plowed and unplowed recent alluvium overlying denser, more clayey B- ., horizon soils often with a relatively abrupt contact between the two suggesting truncation of the B-horizon soils either by plowing or flood scouring. The more clayey B-horizon soils frequently exhibited lighter brown to yellowish brown colors. Along much of the southwestern portion of Area B, B-horizon soils frequently displayed mottling and staining indicative of a periodically high water table in this part of the floodplain. In 37 shovel tests dispersed widely through Area B, a stratum of darker brown to grayish soils ranging between 0.2 and 0.6 ft in thickness was encountered between the upper plow zones and alluvium and the lower, more clayey B-horizon soils. The upper surface of this darker, more organic rich stratum, interpreted as a buried A- horizon (or top soil), when encountered during shovel testing, was found between 1.1 ft and 2.8 ft (0.34 m — 0.85 m) below grade. Buried A-horizon soils invariably displayed abrupt contact planes with overlying soils while the base of this stratum, when visible, exhibited a gradual transition to underlying B-horizon soils. The variable thickness of the buried A-horizon w. probably reflects the extent to which it has been truncated by plowing and/or erosion. Often, although not always, buried A-horizon soils appeared to be characterized by heightened prehistoric artifact densities. Buried A-horizon soils were more fully exposed during the program of deep trenching and additional discussion of these soils is presented with the results of that component of the Area B Phase I survey. OW A total of 374 prehistoric artifacts were recovered during Area B shovel testing (Appendix 4), approximately 91% of which (n. = 342) consists of lithic debitage generated during the manufacture of flaked stone tools. Locally available quartz comprises approximately 76% (n. _ 268) of the lithic raw material while quartzite makes up roughly 7% (n. = 24) of the recovered w� lithics. Approximately 15% of the lithic assemblage consists of nonlocal chert (n.= 48) and jasper (n. = 4). Flakes and flake fragments account for 75% (n. = 258) of the lithic assemblage, with the overwhelming majority of these being small tertiary and pressure flakes generated during the final stage of tool manufacture or tool maintenance. Several retouched flake tools and two biface/projectile point fragments were collected, however none of these objects are chronologically diagnostic. A small amount of fire-cracked rock (n. = 5) was collected during shovel testing. Shatter (n. = 77) makes up roughly 22% of the lithic assemblage. In addition to lithic artifacts, 32 fragments of prehistoric pottery were also recovered during shovel testing in wwr Area B. Approximately 45% (n. = 119) of the shovel tests excavated across Area B yielded prehistoric artifacts, evidencing a widespread distribution of these materials in the uppermost 2.5 ft of floodplain soils. An area-wide distribution map of materials recovered during Area B shovel testing(Figure 12)reveals primary concentrations of prehistoric artifacts. The more extensive of the two concentrations of prehistoric remains documented during shovel testing extends over approximately 5.5 acres in the northern half of Area B. This large concentration of prehistoric remains probably corresponds to Holland's northerly "findspot 2" as discussed above and identified in Figure 9. In the 2.5-ft-deep sample provided by shovel testing, this concentration spans approximately 300 feet between the course of the Rivanna interceptor line and the western edge of the floodplain and extends south some 800 ft from the field's 26 wrr 1 Belvedere/SOCA Phase I Page 27 of 50 411 • Shovel Test rr. Number of Total Artifacts s per Shovel Test r 1-2 . ' • 3-4 • • : -4A80033 5-7 13• •4. HiF ' a 0 Rivanna Interceptor Line ;•9 • : • • • k .#41— and Manholes •r >. .r, es Mechanically Excavated ! • • • • • : y Deep Test and ID# • • . • • • • • ir • • • • „ b , Q ,` • . • • • •• Area B :24 1• • IN e 44A60019 • ` • • •{` •Z • '1} .wi S t �, -t ` • • il '-, M *� I0 200 400 600 800 1.000 1.200 1.400 Feet Ie 0 100 200 300 400 Meters Figure 12: Map of Area B showing the distribution ofprehistoric artifacts recovered during systematic Phase I shovel testing, the locations of mechanically excavated deep tests,and previously recorded sites. Inorthern end to near its midpoint. Close comparison of Figures 11 and 12 reveals a close correspondence between artifact density and surface elevation in this northern concentration, I with the greatest numbers of artifacts having been recovered primarily along the central ridge of the floodplain. Shovel testing and deep trenching not infrequently encountered buried A-horizon soils between 1.8 ft and 2.3 ft below grade throughout this area. Stratigraphic evidence from this I part of the floodplain clearly indicates that plowing has impacted at least the uppermost levels of prehistoric culture-bearing strata, contributing to the relatively large numbers of artifacts encountered during shovel testing. The rather sporadic presence of prehistoric artifacts in shovel I tests excavated east of the Rivanna interceptor in the northern half of Area B may well be a consequence of the relatively deeper, more recent alluvium that comprises the natural riverside levee covering much of this portion of the floodplain. Consequently, it is possible that the I northern concentration of prehistoric artifacts extends further east than is apparent from the shovel testing data as towards the east the uppermost culture-bearing strata are more deeply buried and less likely to have been impacted by plowing. Erosion however may have removed primary prehistoric culture-bearing strata along the course of the flood chute that the Rivanna i 27 / NW Belvedere/SOCA Phase I page 28 of 50 Iri interceptor line follows through this part of the floodplain, effectively removing a portion of this site. This large northern concentration is here identified as 44AB0033 in light of its proximity to this previously identified site and the fact that the information on the 44AB0033 site form .N+ recorded in 1978-1979 applies to this general location. As discussed above however, this northern concentration likely corresponds to Holland's 1942 "findspot 2' (Figure 9), which was subsequently defined as VDHR 44AB0019 and incorrectly located at the center of the field. ,.N Consequently, the information from 1942 provided on the 44AB0019 site form should be associated with this northern concentration (Site 44AB0033) while information added to the site form (and supporting documents) in 1978-1979 is relevant not to this northern location but to the ,,,I central area of the floodplain where 44AB0019 was erroneously mapped. The second, smaller concentration of prehistoric artifacts defined by Phase I shovel testing is at the southern end of Area B. This southern concentration is confined to high ground east of the interceptor line and extends over an area of approximately 0.36 acre (1450 m2). Here, a total of 63 prehistoric artifacts, including several sherds of pottery (Figure 13), were recovered from 11 shovel tests. A darker brown, buried A-horizon approximately 0.5-ft thick was encountered 1.3 ft below grade near the center of this concentration. These prehistoric remains at the southern end of Area B likely correspond to Holland's "findspot 1"as defined in Figure 9 and subsequently as VDHR Site 44AB0020. Holland's original 1942 records strongly suggest that this site extends N>. into untested areas south of the stream that defines the boundary of Area B. As mentioned, none of the abundant lithic artifacts recovered during shovel testing are chronologically diagnostic. The prehistoric pottery, on the other hand, offers some insights into occupation dates. While much of this material is quite small and highly abraded, some larger sherds were found, typically in association with buried A-horizon soils. Just over half of the .� sherds of prehistoric pottery recovered during shovel testing are tempered with crushed quartz (n. = 17). Quartz sand is the sole tempering agent identifiable in four sherds (12%), while mixed quartz sand and grit was identified in six sherds (18%). Two sherds, one each from STP E-01 U" and L-06, contain an as yet unidentified dark grayish-black material, possibly crushed hornblende or gneiss. The remaining three sherds of prehistoric pottery are too small and too IIIIIt highly eroded to confidently identify tempering material. While many sherds appear to have evidence of some sort of surface treatment, because of the highly eroded and fragmentary character of most of this material surface treatment typically could not be reliably determined. Cord-marking was clearly visible on only three crushed quartz-tempered sherds and on one of the quartz sand/grit-tempered sherds. In the shovel testing assemblage, most of the prehistoric pottery containing crushed quartz as a tempering agent belongs to the Albemarle Series (n. = 13) while three of the four sand-tempered sherds conclusively belong to the Stony Creek Series. According to Evans' (1955) original definition, sand-tempered Stony Creek wares were believed to predate crushed quartz-tempered "` Albemarle wares. Evidence currently available suggests considerable chronological overlap between the two series, with the Stony Creek series dating to the early Middle Woodland through at least the earlier Late Woodland (ca. 1200 BC —AD 1200) and the Albemarle series dating at least as early as the later Middle Woodland and through Late Woodland Periods (ca. 400 BC — AD 400). The mixed quartz sand/grit-tempered sherds recovered during shovel testing are broadly similar to later Early Woodland-Middle Woodland material recovered from the Spessard "" .IN 28 I 0 Belvedere/SOCA Phase I page 29 of 50 II Site (44FV0134) along the James River in Fluvanna County and analyzed by Gallivan (1999). The two sherds tempered with the as yet unidentified dark grayish-black material possibly represent an experimental Early Woodland type, however conclusive identification of the I tempering agent and a larger sample of these sherds from good stratigraphic contexts are needed to more fully evaluate this possibility. I In summ__. , prehistoric ceramics collected during shovel testing of Area B point most-strongly towards occupation(s) during the later Middle Woodland — earlier Late Woodland Periods (e4 ` 12QQ_.b3C — AD 1200). Occupation during earlier and later periods, particularly the Early Woodland-Middle Woodland I and Late Woodland II, cannot be ruled out, however definitive Ievidence has not been recovered to date. Only four sherds of prehistoric pottery, including one Albemarle Series sherd and three unidentifiable types, were recovered from the small I concentration of material at the south end of Area B near the mapped location of 44AB0020 (Figure 13). Although a greater diversity of ceramic types is present in the northern half of the field,this may well be a function of the much larger assemblage recovered here. As is discussed I ,, Ceramic Type /� I -Albemarle •• ite 44480033•-Albemarle Cord-marked • •• MI Quartz Sand!Grd •• • AI . • • •I IN Stony Creek • •••• • • • Unidentified • • • •0 111.1 • •0• • • • •• rto# , •r • .• ti I • . •ii. • s •• • 0. • • • • • a ••• •••. I • • • • : • . • .• , •• • • • • • Site 44AB0019 I • • . • • • • . • I . • '•i4, • 44A=0020 / A .t I A y It 0 200 400 600 800 1.000 1.200 1 400 Feet - 4.1 I0 100 200 300 400 Meters Figure 13:Map of Area B showing the distribution of prehistoric ceramics relative to all prehistoric artifacts Irecovered during systematic Phase I shovel testing and the locations of previously identified sites. i29 Belvedere/SOCA Phase I page 30 of 50 below, the evidence for prehistoric occupation in Area B recovered during shovel testing is closely comparable to that collected during deep mechanical testing of the floodplain. ' In addition to the large quantity of prehistoric artifacts, a small number (n. = 26) of widely dispersed historic artifacts were also collected during shovel testing of Area B (Figure 14). Historic artifacts were confined to the northern half of Area B,but display no clear concentration or patterning across this broad (ca. 10-acre) area. Among the historic materials collected are one whole and three partial wire nails, a small piece of barbed wire, a fragment of metal can, a metal spring possibly from an automobile seat or mattress, three fragments of brown bottle glass, four fragments of clear bottle glass, and 9 small pieces of coal. None of the recovered historic artifacts necessarily date earlier than the late 19th century and most probably belong to the 20th century. The small lumps of coal may well be associated the nearby railroad. The fragment of wire and nails may derive from fencing the remaining historic . ,,,, Site 44AB0033 Stone Wal • • • Shovel Test • • • • • • •• IS COAL • • . • • ' s S GLASS • • • • METAL • . • • • at • • Rrvanna Interceptor Line • • and Manholes • • • • • •••• • • • • • •r • •• ill/0. • s ;•• tte 44AB0019 It • , • •• 011 fir . , • .. • • Are•'• • • • 1 Site 44AB0020 ' 0 200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200 1,400 Fist 0 100 200 300 400 Motors Figure 14:Map of Area B showing the locations of historic artifacts recovered during Phase I shovel testing and the location of a stone wall along the northwestern side of Area B. , 30 I Belvedere/SOCA Phase I page 31 of 50 II li ii artifacts probably are the result of casual discard or accidental loss during agricultural activities in Area B, although some of these materials may have entered the field via floodwaters. Three of the glass bottle fragments were recovered from shovel test in or adjacent to roadways that I bound the field's eastern and western sides,while another three bottle fragments (all clear) come from a single shovel test(C-17) and probably represent a single container. Various plastic, glass, and metal beverage containers were observed across the surface of the field but were not I collected. None of the recovered historic artifacts are believed to be associated.with.a-potentially significant historic era archaeological site within Area B. - •-----------_ A section of dry-laid stone wall was also observed during Phase I fieldwork along the Inorthwestern margin of Area B (Figure 14). The wall(Figure 15) is located within wooded terrain and is set into the base of the toe slope at the edge of the floodplain. An abandoned roadway may run along the base of the toe slope immediately west of the wall. At its northern Iend, the wall crosses a ca. 6-ft high earthen embankment that appears to be man-made and may be a dam associated with a small pond once fed by the stream that marks the northern boundary of Area B. Ultimately, interpretation of the dam-like feature is difficult as it appears to have Ibeen partially impacted by the late 19th-century construction of the adjacent railroad and its high earthen embankment, which may also have altered the course of the stream. The wall probably \ also predates railroad construction and, as such,probably was a landscape feature.associated Iwith the Dunlar&p1antation�Although in terms o the criteria for inclusion on the National Register of Historic Places the stone wall does not constitute a significant historic resource i_,,,t is recommended that it be protected from potential disturbances during development of the Ifloodplain. ` 1 'y LV"..."...".°0 . it * 'A.. . 4z 4b; I Figure 15: View facing west of the stone wall along the northwestern side of Area B. I I i31 Belvedere/SOCA Phase I page 32 of 50 �n. Deep Testing in Area B In addition to systematic shovel testing, Phase I study of Area B included a program systematic geoarchaeological investigation. This work was included in the Phase I research design to more •• fully define the potential for and the vertical extent and contextual integrity of archaeological resources within this portion of the Belvedere/SOCA project area. This section summarizes the results of this work, however a full report of the geoarchaeological investigation is contained in ..t Appendix 1 and associated Appendices 2 and 3. The geoarchaeological study employed deep-testing methods that included mechanical ... excavation of a series of 23 backhoe trenches (n=23). Most trenches were aligned in transects (consisting of 2-6 trenches each) oriented perpendicular (roughly E-W) to the river channel (Figure 12, above). Trenches ranged in depth from 0.55 m to 2.5 m(1.8 ft—8.2 ft)below grade, with a majority of trenches (n=16) exceeding 1.22 m(4 ft). A principal finding of the geoarchaeological study is that floodplain stratigraphy in Area B is organized within two primary sediment packages, each of which exhibits distinctive sediment, soil and archaeological characteristics. These primary strata are termed "pre-settlement" and "post-settlement alluvium, reflecting their deposition on either side of the onset of Euro- American settlement in the region around 1730. Pre-settlement alluvium pre-dates and underlies post-settlement alluvium. It consists primarily of clay, silt, and very fine sand particles laid down incrementally over time by flooding of the Rivanna River and is quite deep across Area B, extending to depths greater than 8.2 ft (2.55 m) below ground surface. Pre-settlement alluvium in Area B has weathered into a distinctive soil. This soil consists of a relatively dark (and probably organic-enriched) cumulative, relic surface horizon (2A or 2AC horizon), sometimes plow disturbed (2Ap horizon), underlain by relatively weak expressions of B-horizonation(2Bw and 2BC horizons). Along the poorly drained western margin of the floodplain evidence of seasonally wet soil conditions was observed. Potentially .lt significant archaeological resources, all prehistoric in date, were located in numerous deep tests, indicating that buried and potentially stratified cultural components are present in many areas of the floodplain. Artifacts (including lithics and a few ceramics) appeared most abundant in near- .. surface contexts (2Ap, 2Ab and 2AC horizons, but were also recovered from underlying 2BC horizons as deep as 1.55 mbs (5.1 ft) in DT-10. Probable archaeological features were found in relatively intact near-surface contexts (e.g. DT-02, Figure A.2 in Appendix 1; DT-13, Figure 16 and within earlier 2BC horizons (e.g. DT-01 Figure A.1 in Appendix 1, Figure 17). Several clusters of fire-cracked rock found at depth in earlier pre-settlement alluvium appeared to exist on a horizontal plane, sometimes in association with similar artifacts at the same elevation, suggesting that these strata may mark short-term occupational/uses surfaces that retain no strong extant pedogenic characteristics associated with surficial A-soil horizons (such as dark color). As is discussed in more detail below, Woodland Period artifacts were found associated with the uppermost levels of pre-settlement alluvium. Temporally diagnostic cultural materials were not recovered from basal layers of pre-settlement alluvium, however inclusions of charred organic material (in both deep, artifact-bearing strata as well as apparently"sterile" levels) 32 Belvedere/SOCA Phase I page 33 of 50 t wry , 7,1e4 ''#sik t d ^� ti 5r .40041‘ iti I I I ,,tike . .I Figure 16:Mechanical trench DT-13 viewed from the north. Note the semicircular,possible cultural feature(near I the center of the photograph)extending down from darker gray 2A pre-settlement alluvium into lighter yellowish brown 2B alluvium. I I I S I - I i I F - it\ , 4' , 4i ,.L .r 1'so s... 3, ' 0-.9 .10 . * ' ."- I Figure 17:Eastern end of mechanical trench DT-01 viewed from the north. The cluster offire-cracked rock (Feature 1)left of the chalkboard was exposed approximately 1.47 m(4.8 ft)below grade in a 2BC horizon of pre- settlement alluvium. I 33 Belvedere/SOCA Phase I page 34 of 50 .r were frequently observed and routinely collected. Recovered charcoal samples hold the potential for radiometric data of these deeper deposits,but such analyses were not included in the Phase I scope of work. .. Post-settlement alluvium is an aerially extensive, surficial, young sediment package. Found in every deep test, it consists of sediments reconfigured by and partially derived from historic-era flood events. Across Area B, post-settlement alluvium often includes eroded and reworked relic terrace surface sediments as well as younger, redeposited alluvium derived from floods of the Rivanna River and, perhaps, the several tributary streams that cross the floodplain in this area. Over most of Area B, post-settlement alluvium typically shows evidence of repeated disturbance over the past century or so as a result of plowing and occasional flooding. Flood events can both add sediments to the overall terrace as well as selectively deflate select areas through flood .. scour. As mentioned earlier, Holland's initial identification of prehistoric sites within Area B relied upon the discovery of prehistoric artifacts within linear flood chutes that likely cut into previously buried cultural strata. Deep trenching across Area B found that post-settlement alluvium effectively blankets the entire landform, albeit to variable depths. In all but three trenches, post-settlement alluvium was found to range between 0.82 ft and 2.17 ft (0.25 m— 0.66 m) in thickness. In the two trenches located .. near the mouth of the unnamed tributary entering the center of Area B (DT-21, DT-22), post- settlement alluvium equaled or exceeded 3.28 ft(1.0 m) in depth. In a single trench located near NNW the northern end of Area B (DT-05), post-settlement alluvium reached to a depth of approximately 7 ft (2.15 m) below surface, apparently filling a pre-existing low spot on the terrace that may be a former stream channel. .. Post-settlement alluvium typically is sandier and more coarsely-grained than the underlying pre- settlement alluvium. In many trenches, the stratigraphic boundary between post- and pre- settlement alluvium appeared abrupt and sometimes erosional. In more than half of the excavated trenches, widely dispersed throughout Area B, post-settlement alluvium overlay buried A horizons (2A horizons) associated with relic, prehistoric surfaces (Table A.1, Appendix 2). These buried A horizons were variably truncated and disturbed by plowing or "" flood scouring, although in many instances appeared to be at least partially intact and often were associated with prehistoric artifacts. In five trenches, (DT-04, DT-07, DT-18, DT-19 and DT- 21), post-settlement alluvium was found directly overlying pre-settlement, 2B-soil horizons, indicating that any preexisting surficial 2A horizons in those test locations were likely eroded and reincorporated into PSA. As post-settlement alluvium is derived, at least in part, from eroded or plow-disturbed, earlier, pre-settlement terrace soils it frequently contains cultural materials associated with these earlier deposits. As with shovel testing, the archaeological content of the post-settlement alluvium . recovered during trench excavation was primarily prehistoric, and included very few historic artifacts. All prehistoric artifacts recovered from post-settlement alluvium likely were derived from the eroded, relic terrace surface and remain either as lag deposits or as materials incorporated by plow-mixing into these more recent historic-era sediments. .. 34 .. Belvedere/SOCA Phase I page 35 of 50 Is A total of 359 prehistoric artifacts were recovered during mechanical trenching in Area B (Appendix 4). Artifact collection during trenching was opportunistic and no systematic screening of mechanically exposed soils was conducted. Cultural materials were recovered in 15 lili of the 23 deep mechanical tests. In addition, a small amount of fire-cracked rock was observed in post-settlement alluvium in both DT-20 and DT-22 but was not collected. Although an opportunistically collected sample, content of the mechanical trench artifact ft assemblage is closely comparable to that recovered during shovel testing of Area B. Prehistoric lithics (n. = 341, 95%) comprise the bulk of the trenching artifact assemblage while a limited number (n. = 17) of sherds of prehistoric pottery and one possible fragment of daub were also collected. Furthermore, mechanical trenches placed within those areas of densest artifact concentration defined by the shovel test survey tended to yield greater overall numbers of artifacts - most notably, DT-02 and DT-16, located and the northern and southern ends of Area B, respectively, both yielded more than 100 prehistoric artifacts (Figure 18). Relatively high numbers of artifacts were also recovered from DT-03 at the northern end of the floodplain, and I from DT-12, DT-13, and DT-22 at the center of the field near the southern limits of the extensive northern concentration and in proximity to the DRH-mapped location of 44AB0019. Likewise, the findspots of ceramics within the mechanically excavated trenches match fairly closely the distribution of prehistoric pottery collected during shovel testing (Figure 19), although rather I more pottery was found towards the center of Area B near the mapped location of 44AB0019 during trenching than was the case during shovel testing. I I 7 i 4 i .{. •7 . 1 ��: • • [ '12 ' •13` } I .` 1• I. I ? • .Site 44ABOO19 4 I Artifact Class ✓� Ceramic 2L'•. •Lithic • `r• 1 Figure 18:Distribution map of artifacts NI Mechanical Trench I collected during mechanical trenching Rivanna Interceptor Line C16 Site 44AB0020 overlaid on the shovel testing assemblage ~ and Manholes i distribution map. (Symbol size is proportional to total artifact count in each ° oo 400 soo eoo ,000 ,,Zoo ,..�Feet U trench.) 0 ,00 Z00 300 400, n 1 1 35 Belvedere/SOCA Phase I page 36 of 50 z ' Ceramic Type r , .. . ▪ Albemarle .. X' IN Quartz Sand/Grit NM Stony Creek •••••Ondentlhed 1F •1 ' :i . ,r. '`` 1 • Figure 19:Distribution map of prehistoric c .00 e� t o00 t goo r." ceramics collected during mechanical trenching overlaid on the shovel testing ° t00 20° J00 �0°M"°° assemblage distribution map. In terms of chronologically diagnostic materials, mechanical trenching yielded the same range of prehistoric ceramic types, with the exception of Albemarle Series Cord-Marked, as was recovered during shovel testing (Appendix 4). Among the 17 sherds collected during trenching is another example of the possibly experimental Early Woodland pottery (tempered with an unidentified crushed rock) found during shovel testing, four sherds (24%) of Early/Middle Woodland mixed quartz sand and grit-tempered ware, four sherds (24%) of sand-tempered Middle Woodland Period Stony Creek Series pottery, five sherds (29%) of crushed quartz- tempered Middle-Late Woodland Period Albemarle Series pottery, and two sherds (12%) of unidentifiable type. The assemblage of lithic artifacts collected during trenching contains a greater diversity of forms than was recovered from shovel testing, although flakes (n. = 125, 37%) and shatter (n. = 93, 27%) still comprise the bulk of the assemblage. In addition, several lithic cores, a tool perform, eight whole or fragmentary projectile points, several other flaked stone tools, and four groundstone objects were recovered from the mechanical trenches. Identifiable points include one stemmed type (Piscataway/Rossville) and three triangular forms (Badin, Yadkin/Levanna, and Madison). Dates for these point types, summarized in Table 4, range from possibly as early as the Late Archaic for the Piscataway/Rossville through the whole of the Woodland Period. No ' examples of the very small (< 2 cm) triangular Clarksville point, a type uniquely diagnostic of the later Late Woodland and Contact Periods were recovered from Area B however. Chronologically diagnostic lithic artifacts recovered from Area B types fairly closely mirror , 36 Belvedere/SOCA Phase I page 37 of 50 Badin Early,Middle,Late Woodland Periods (Hranicky&Painter 1989:77) Piscataway/Rossville transitional Archaic—Early Woodland) (Hranicky&Painter 1989:59) Middle Woodland (Blanton et al. 2001:3) Piscataway Late Archaic through Late Woodland(Dent 1995:180) Early Woodland possibly into Middle Woodland(Gleach 1987:93) Rossville Early Woodland and later(Dent 1995:228) Middle Woodland(Gleach 1987:94) Yadkin Early,Middle,Late Woodland Periods (Hranicky&Painter 1989:83) Levanna Middle and Late Woodland Periods (Hranicky&Painter 1989:80) Yadkin/Levanna Middle and Late Woodland Periods(Gleach 1987:96) Madison Middle and Late Woodland Periods(Hranicky&Painter 1989:81) "medium triangle" Middle and Late Woodland Periods(Gleach 1987:100) Table 4: Date ranges of projectile points recovered during mechanical trenching in Area B. dating evidence indicated by the ceramic assemblage, namely that Native American occupation is best represented for the Middle Woodland and earlier Late Woodland Periods throughout the floodplain. In light of the as yet relatively small sample of artifacts from Area B, the lack of AEI unambiguous diagnostics of the later Late Woodland Period cannot be assumed to reflect the absence of settlement during this period while the potential for archaeological remains predating the Woodland Period, especially in the deeper and little tested strata of Area B, remains high. The trench locations of these finds of temporally diagnostic lithic artifacts, along with the two unidentifiable point/biface fragments recovered during shovel testing is present in Table 5. The potentially earlier Piscataway/Rossville points both come from DT-16 at the southern end of the 'in field close to the mapped location of 44AB0020 and within the concentration of near surface artifacts defined during shovel testing. As discussed earlier, Holland's original 1942 records suggest that he encountered evidence of both Archaic and Woodland Period occupation in this area. Furthermore, the vertical locations of the four points recovered from good contexts in trench DT-16 suggest that relatively good stratigraphic integrity exists in this area. While the one later Madison point was recovered from a relatively recent historic era plowzone (overlying a truncated buried A horizon), the three Badin points and one of the Yadkin/Levanna points were all collected from relatively intact buried A horizons. The second Yadkin/Levanna point, recovered in DT-23, comes from an earlier historic plowzone overlying relatively heavily truncated pre-settlement alluvium. The one Piscataway/Rossville point from good stratigraphic context was recovered from the base of a buried A or transitional A/B horizon in DT-16. 37 a iw► Belvedere/SOCA Phase I page 38 of 50 rr DT-10 DT-14 DT-16 DT-23 STP m U m m 0 t m rr� A-09 E E O 0 E Y 0 M 13 TOTAL U O O U O c\I N d u7 1' lC) O O M Madison 1 1 Badin 1 2 3 Yadkin/Levanna 1 1 2 Piscataway/Rossville 1 1 2 Unidentified (partial) 1 1 2 TOTAL 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 10 miff Table 5: Locations of diagnostic lithic artifacts recovered during Phase I archaeological and geoarchaeological investigations in Area B. NO ■r tr�r rr� VIM rr rr1■ 11111 ilk 1111• 38 1. Belvedere/SOCA Phase I Page 39 of 50 Research Summary and Management Recommendations Phase I archaeological survey was conducted across two nonadjacent portions of the Belvedere development tract in Albemarle County. The two parcels, designated Area A and Area B, together comprise a total of approximately 18 acres and are slated for development into athletic fields. The goal of the Phase I study was to identify archaeological resources potentially located within the project area. Because of extremely limited surface visibility, Phase I survey relied upon shoveltesting standard (50-ft) intervals within both portions of the project area. In Area AMP B, systematic shovel testing was augmented by a program of deep mechanical trenching and geoarchaeological analysis designed to evaluate the potential for archaeological sites within the deep, Holocene-age alluvial sediments that blanket this ca. 16-acre Rivanna River •• floodplain. Systematic shovel testing across the ca. 2.4-acre Area A, located along an upland ridge towards the eastern end of Belvedere Drive, documented a small, low-density concentration of non- diagnostic flaked stone (quartz) artifacts within an approximately 100 ft x 100 ft area. These materials are best interpreted as an extension or outlier of nearby Site 44AB340, an extensive scatter of comparable prehistoric lithic materials located some 250 ft to the northeast. Due to the absence of chronologically and functionally diagnostic materials and the presence of heavily plowed and eroded surface soils, the prehistoric cultural resources located within Area A do not ,possess a significant.research_potential and warrant no further archaeological investigations. A limited number of widely scattered historic artitacts recovered during shovel testing in Area A probably date primarily (if not exclusively) to the 20`h century, and likely are associated primarily with casual discard along Belvedere Drive. The sparse historic cultural resources present within Area A possess no significant research potential and warrant no additional ! investigation. Area_B-consists of 16 acres of floodplain along the southern side of the South Fork of the Rivanna River. Previous opportunistic surface survey in 1942 resulted in the identification of at WIN least two prehistoric archaeological sites (44AB0019, 44AB0020) within this part of the project area. A third site, 44AB0033, apparently was identified in 1978 or 1979 in advance of the installation of a major underground sewer line down the long (north-south) axis of the floodplain. Site files maintained by the Virginia Department of Historic Resources record each of these three sites simply as points, with no information provided as to overall size of these resources. Limited mechanical exposures at all three sites prior to the 1979 sewer line �- construction discovered no significant archaeological remains, however this work was confined to the relatively narrow utility right-or-Way. A- Phase I survey of Area B included the manual excavation of 260 shovel tests placed at 50-ft (15 m) intervals across the landform and excavated to a standard depth of 2.5 ft (0.75 m) below grade in addition to 23 mechanically excavated trenches. Geoarchaeological analysis determined '.. that historic-era "post-settlement" alluvium, resulting from upland erosion caused by widespread deforestation and plowing, covers the entire Area B floodplain to depths ranging between 0.82 ft and 2.17 ft (0.25 m — 0.66 m) below the existing surface. Post-settlement alluvium consists of .. relatively unconsolidated and frequently sandy, flood-deposited sediments that often have been mixed, through both plowing and erosion, with sediments (including artifacts) derived from pre- 39 err Belvedere/SOCA Phase I page 40 of 50 existing, relic floodplain surfaces. The more recent, disturbed post-settlement alluvium overlies thick deposits of earlier, "pre-settlement" alluvium that extend as deep as 8 ft (2.4 m) below grade. Pre-settlement alluvium in Area B represents the gradual accumulation of water deposited ■r sediments over the course of perhaps 5,000 to 10,000 years. Because of its age, pre-settlement alluvium has weathered into a distinctive soil, and in more than half of the trenches excavated across the project area the uppermost levels of this soil consist of a relatively dark(and probably rrr organic-enriched) cumulative, relic surface horizon, invariably truncated from above and sometimes plowed, underlain by relatively weak expressions of B-horizonation. In a number of trenches opened across Area B, the darker and more organic-rich buried relic surface deposits contain prehistoric, Woodland Period artifacts. Elsewhere, disturbed post-settlement alluvium directly overlies pre-settlement, 2B-soil horizons indicating that any preexisting surficial 2A horizons in these locations were likely eroded and (at least partially) incorporated into the younger, overlying sediments. Often however, prehistoric artifacts and occasional cultural features also were encountered in earlier, 2B-soil horizons at depths of up to 1.55 m (5.1 ft) below grade. Although temporally diagnostic artifacts were not recovered from these deeper pre-settlement alluvial strata during trenching, charred organic material amenable to radiometric dating was routinely observed and collected. More than 700 prehistoric artifacts and a small number (n. = 11) of widely dispersed historic artifacts were recovered during Phase I shovel testing and mechanical trenching in Area B. Historic era artifacts are believed to be a result of casual discard and loss and do not represent a up significant cultural resource. Temporally and functionally non-diagnostic lithic artifacts, primarily flakes and shatter generated during the production and maintenance of stone tools, dominates the prehistoric artifact assemblages, however a limited number of diagnostic projectile points (n. = 8) and fragments (n. = 49) of Native American ceramic were also collected. These mater ials point towards occupation date(s) primarily during the Middle Woodland and earlier Late Woodland Periods, although Late Archaic, Early Woodland, and later Late Woodland occupation cannot be ruled out. Slightly more than half(n. = 411) of the Area B artifact assemblage was collected during shovel testing. Given the average depth (ca. 1.9 ft; 0.58 m) of post-settlement alluvium across the floodplain and the standard 2.5-ft depth of shovel testing, much of the cultural material collected during shovel testing probably was contained within these overlying, historic era, plow- and flood-disturbed sediments. While some of the shovel testing artifact assemblage almost certainly was collected from underlying and relatively undisturbed pre-settlement alluvium, the inability to reliably control for stratigraphic context during shovel testing means that this portion of the Phase I assemblage contains materials from both disturbed, post-settlement sediments as well as O" from relatively undisturbed, pre-settlement stratigraphic contexts. Although the gross distributional patterning evident in the shovel test assemblage is worth discussing, the potential mixture of stratigraphic contexts embodied in these data should be born in mind. Shovel testing to a depth of 2.5 ft (0.75 m) across Area B resulted in the identification of two primary concentrations of prehistoric artifacts (Figure 12, above). These include a large (ca. 5.5-acre) concentration covering much of the northwestern portion of Area B west of the sewer line and a smaller(ca. 0.35-acre) concentration in the far southeastern corner of the field. On the basis of their locations, these northern and southern artifact concentrations in Area B appear to 40 r illBelvedere/SOCA Phase I page 41 of 50 I be associated with previously identified sites 44AB0033 and 44AB0020, respectively. Trenches opened in these areas (DT-02, DT-03, DT-16) also yielded relatively large collections of artifacts, primarily from deeper, pre-settlement alluvial sediments beginning at depths ranging between 1.2 ft and 2.0 ft (0.4 m—0.62 m) below grade. Examination of Holland's original field Inotes strongly suggests that 44AB0020 may extend south of Area B. No clear concentration of near-surface artifacts corresponding to the mapped location of 44AB0019 was discovered during shovel testing. Although there is some question as to whether this site, originally identified by IHolland in 1942, was correctly mapped, trenching in this area documented the presence of relatively intact pre-settlement alluvial strata, including relic surface soils, containing prehistoric materials between 1.2 ft and 1.75 ft (0.37 m - 0.53 m) below surface and extending to depths of Iat least 4 ft (1.2 m) below grade (e.g. DT-12, DT-13, DT-14). Similar although more deeply buried pre-settlement alluvial stratigraphy and relatively abundant prehistoric content was documented north of this location along the riverside levee in DT-10 beginning at 2.3 ft (0.7 m) Iand extending to at least6 ft(1.8 m)below grade. Or I Si , ♦♦♦♦ •♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦*♦♦♦� ♦+♦�► • �!♦�•••••, *♦♦♦♦♦♦�♦♦•M♦�►♦1 M 44.0 ♦ ♦°♦♦♦ •+ 4 ,♦♦ A *r •.,• ±4., ,'e%•••::173... v1Fwt r IN• e 44AB0019 I • • Ile 44A 4. I0 200 400 600 800 1.000 1,200 Feet 0 100 200 300 400 Meters IFigure 20:Map of Area B showing the VDHR mapped locations of previously identified sites (yellow)and the provisional boundaries of these resources(red hatching)as determined by Phase I survey. I 41 1 a. Belvedere/SOCA Phase I page 42 of 50 OOP Information collected through Phase I shovel testing and deep trenching indicates that buried, relatively intact cultural strata dating minimally to the Middle and earlier Late Woodland Periods exist at depths of less than two feet (0.6 m) below grade in or near the locations of each of the .Mt three sites previously identified in Area B. Because Phase I shovel testing across this landform primarily sampled disturbed surficial soils and mechanical trenches are too widely spaced and were excavated without systematic artifact recovery, data currently available allow for only very ®, preliminary approximations of site boundaries, which, furthermore, may be most applicable only for later, less deeply buried occupational components. These tentative site boundaries of 44AB0019, 44AB0020, and 44AB0030 are presented in Figure 20. Within ea a r, provisional site areas outlined in Figure 20 the presence of significant prehistoric archaeological . .. g .. -deposits either demonstrated through Phase I fieldwork or is considered extremely_ likely, ._ Outside of these provisional site areas, stratigraphy documented during mechanical trenching indicates that even though clear physical evidence, in the form of relatively abundant artifacts and/or intact cultural features, is relatively rare, the potentia_ for.s_ nificant cultural deposits below a depth of 0.8 ft to 2.2 ft (ca. 025 m- 0.66 m) is.nevertheless very high. Clearer delineation of the locations.and extent of potentially significant cultural deposits within Area B `will require additional subsurface testing focused on the deep stratum of buried, pre-settlement alluvium. ..a Evaluation of the potential for planned construction to impact significant archaeological resources within Area B is hampered by both 1) the existing incomplete identification and delineation of potentially significant prehistoric archaeological sites and contexts (due to deep alluvial sediments) and by 2) the unavailability of final, comprehensive construction plans. Of immediate importance is the accurate determination of the depth(s) to which construction-related impacts will reach across Area B. Only with the reliable definition of this vertical dimension of the area of potential effect of the planned construction can a full assessment of the project's potential to impact significant cultural resources be made. Once construction plans are finalized, additional Phase II testing strategies likely will need to be developed and implemented to more completely define both the horizontal and vertical limits of potentially significant prehistoric cultural remains contained within Area B. This information, in turn, will allow for the development, if necessary; of mitigation strategies for significant archaeological resources . located within the three-dimensional area of potential effect that cannot be avoided or otherwise protected from construction-related impacts. The small number of widely dispersed historic era artifacts collected during Phase I survey of Area B are believed to be the result primarily of loss or casual discard. While these remains are not considered to represent a significant cultural resource, the ca. 700-ft-long (213 m) stretch of "` dry-stone wall running along the base of the toe slope along the northwestern side of Area B is an historic landscape feature worthy of conservation and preservation and, together with the i earthen berm/dam that it crosses at its northern end, should be avoided by planned construction. '� IMP WM 42 Ili Belvedere/SOCA Phase I pane 43 of 50 AMP References ACDB multiple Albemarle County Deed Books. Office of the Albemarle County Clerk, Charlottesville, VA. Blanton, Dennis B., Veronica Deitrick, and Kara Bartels. 2001 Brief and True Report of Project Points from Jamestown Rediscovery as of December 1998. The Journal of the Jamestown Rediscovery Center, volume 1. (http://www.apva.org/resource/jjrc/voll/dbtoch.html.) Bower, Bruce 2000 Science News 157(16):244. Boyer, William P. 1983 Searching for Jefferson's Mound: A Preliminary Report on the 1982 Season at the Carrsbrook Site, 44AB14. Unpublished manuscript on file at the Virginia Department of Historic Resources, Richmond, VA. Brown, John R. M" 1964 The Battle of Rio Hill. Magazine of Albemarle County History 22:23-33. Bushnell, D. I. 1914 The `Indian Grave' -A Monacan Site in Albemarle County, Virginia. William and Mary Quarterly 23:106-112. "" Buttrick, Charlotte D. and Tamara A. Vance 1989 Southwest Mountains Area Natural Resource and Historic Preservation Study. Piedmont Environmental Council, Charlottesville, VA. Carbone, Victor 1976 Environment and Prehistory in the Shenadoah Valley. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Catholic University of America. Carter, John B., Kenneth E. Harward, and Rim C. Gardner 1985 Soil Survey of Albemarle County, Virginia. United States Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service, Washington, D.C. .M Catlin, Mark, Jay F. Custer, R. Michael Stewart 1982 Late Archaic Culture Change in Virginia: A Reconsideration of Exchange, Population Growth, and Migrations. Quarterly Bulletin of the Archaeological Society of Virginia 37:123-140. Coe, Joffre L. 1964 The Formative Cultures of the Carolina Piedmont. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society 54(5). Philadelphia, PA. 43 et Belvedere/SOCA Phase I page 44 of 50 go Dabney,William M. 1951 Jefferson's Albemarle;History of Albemarle County, Virginia, 1727-1819. Unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of History, University of Virginia, go Charlottesville, VA. Delcourt, P. A. and H. R. Delcourt ,., 1981 Vegetation Maps for Eastern North America: 40,000 yr. BP to the Present. In R. Romans (ed), Geobotany: an Integrating Experience,pp. 123-66 . Plenum Publishing,New York. ,,,,,, Dent, Richard J., Jr. 1994 Chesapeake Prehistory: Old Traditions,New Directions. New York, Plenum Press. r, Devereux, Robert Eddins, B. H. Williams, and Edward Shulkum 1940 Soil Survey of Albemarle County, Virginia. Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. to Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C. Dunham, Gary H., Debra L. Gold, and Jeffrey L. Hantman •• 2003 Collective Burial in Late Prehistoric Virginia: Excavation and Analysis of the Rapidan Mound. American Antiquity 68:109-128. Egloff, Keith T. and Joseph M. McAvoy 1990 Chronology of Virginia's Early and Middle Archaic Periods. In Theodore R. Reinhart and Mary Ellen N. Hodges (eds),Early and Middle Archaic Research in .O Virginia:A Synthesis,pp.61-79. Archaeological Society of Virginia Special Publication no. 22. Archaeological Society of Virginia, Richmond, VA. r Evans, Clifford 1955 A Ceramic Study of Virginia. Smithsonian Institution, Bureau of Ethnology, Bulletin 160, Washington. Fisher, Herbert G. 1983 The Virginia Piedmont-A Definition: A Review of the Physiographic Attributes and •• Historic Land Use of this Region. In J. Mark Wittkofski and Lyle E. Browning(eds), Piedmont Archaeology. Archaeological Society of Virginia Special Publication 10. pp.2-8. Archaeological Society of Virginia, Richmond, VA. •• Ford, Benjamin P. 2002 Archaeological Investigations in a Canada Neighborhood: Mitigation of the B1/F8 us Parking Lot. Report submitted to the University of Virginia by Rivanna Archaeological Consulting. 2003 The Foster Family— Venable Lane Site: Report of Archaeological Investigations. Report submitted to the University of Virginia by Rivanna Archaeological Consulting. ••• NB 44 or Belvedere/SOCA Phase I oage 45 of 50 Gallivan,Martin D. 1999 The late prehistoric James River village : household, community, and regional my dynamics. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology,University of Virginia. "' Gardner, William M. 1977 Flint Run Paleoindian Complex and its Implication for Eastern North American Prehistory. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 288:251-263. 1981 Paleoindian Settlement Pattern and Site Distribution in the Middle Atlantic. In R. Landman(ed),Anthropological Careers:Essays Presented to the Anthropological "�` Society of Washington during Its Centennial Year 1979,pp. 51-73. Anthropological Society of Washington, Washington, D.C. MIN 1983 Stop Me If You've Heard This One Before: The Flint Run Paleoindian Complex Revisited. Archaeology of Eastern North America 11:49-64. ." 1987 Comparison of Ridge and Valley, Blue Ridge, Piedmont, and Coastal Plain Archaic Period Site Distribution: an Idealized Transect(Preliminary model).Journal of Middle Atlantic Archaeology 3:49-80. .. 1989 An Examimation of Cultural Change in the Late Pleistocene and Early Holocene (circa 9200 to 6800 B.C.). In J. Mark Wittkofski and Theodore R. Reinhart(eds), ,. Paleoindian Research in Virginia:A Synthesis. Archaeological Society of Virginia Special Publication no. 19,pp. 5-52. Archaeological Society of Virginia, Richmond, VA. iiira Gilmer, J. F. 1864 Map of Albemarle County, Virginia. From surveys and reconnaisances by C. S. . Dwight. Gleach, Frederic W. .. 1987 A Working Projectile Point Classification for Central Virginia. Quarterly Bulletin of the Archaeological Society of Virginia 42(2):80-120. ... Hantman, Jeffrey 1985 The Archaeology of Albemarle County:Results of a Systematic Survey of Proposed Development Areas in Albemarle County, Virginia. Archaeological Survey ,.. Monograph no. 2, Department of Anthropology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA. Unpublished manuscript prepared for the Virginia Division of Historic Landmarks. 1990 Between Powhatan and Quirank: Reconstructing Monacan Culture and History in the Context of Jamestown. American Anthropologist 92:676-690. .. 45 NW Belvedere/SOCA Phase I page 46 of 50 n o 2000 Phase I Archaeological Study, Proposed South Forks Soccer Facility, Albemarle County, Virginia. Report submitted to William Mueller, Executive Director of the Soccer Organization of Chalottesville-Albemarle. ,,o Hantman, Jeffrey and Michael J. Klein 1992 Middle and Late Woodland Archaeology in Piedmont Virginia. In Theodore R. so Reinhart and Mary Ellen N. Hodges (eds),Middle and Late Woodland Research in Virginia:A Synthesis. Archaeological Society of Virginia Special Publication no. 29, pp. 5-52. Archaeological Society of Virginia, Richmond, VA. sas Hantman, Jeffrey L., Martin Gallivan, Mintcy Maxham, and Daniel Hayes 1993 Late Woodland and Contact Era Village Excavations in the Monacan Area of so Virginia. Paper presented at the 50th Annual Southeastern Archaeological Conference, Raleigh,NC. so Hayes, Daniel R. 2000 Supplemental Phase I Geoarchaeological Investigations of the Proposed South Forks Soccer Facility, Albemarle County, Virginia. Report submitted to William Mueller, .w Executive Director of the Soccer Organization of Charlottesville-Albemarle. Holland, C. G. 1942 Log Book#1. Unpublished field notes of C.G. Holland. Original manuscripts us archived at the Virginia Department of Historic Resources, Richmond, VA. 1978 Albemarle County Settlements: A Piedmont Model? Quarterly Bulletin of the N` Archaeological Society of Virginia 33.2:29-44. Holland, C. G., Sandra Spieden, and David Van Roijen so 1983 The Rapidan Mound Revisited: A Test Excavation of a Prehistoric Burial Mound. Quarterly Bulletin of the Archaeological Society of Virginia 38:1-42. ■r Hotchkiss, Jedediah 1867 Albemarle County, Virginia. Hotchkiss Map Collection, no. 275, Library of Congress Geography and Map Division, Washington, D.C. s` Hranicky,William J. and Floyd Painter so 1989 A Guide to the Identification of Virginia Projectile Points. Archaeological Society of Virginia Special Publication 17. Archaeological Society of Virginia, Richmond, VA. Jefferson, Thomas ON 1954 Notes on the State of Virginia, edited by William Peden. New York, W. W. Norton. Jones,Newton R. us 1950 Charlottesville and Albemarle County, Virginia, 1819-1865. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Department of History,University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA. so so 46 rr Belvedere/SOCA Phase I page 47 of 50 Jordan, Ervin L., Jr. 1995 "A Just and True Account."Two 1833 Parish Censuses of Albemarle County Free "" Blacks. Magazine of Albemarle County History 53:114-139. Klein, Michael J. 1994 An Absolute Seriation to Ceramic Chronology in the Roanoke, Potomac and James River Valleys, Virginia and Maryland. Unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of Virginia. Klein, Michael J. and Thomas Klatka 1991 Late Archaic and Early Woodland Demography and Settlement Patterns. In Theodore R. Reinhart and Mary Ellen N. Hodges (eds),Late Archaic and Early Woodland Research in Virginia:A Synthesis. Archaeological Society of Virginia Special Publication no. 23. Archaeological Society of Virginia, Richmond, VA. Lay, K. Edward 1976 The Three Notch'd Road. Unpublished manuscript. Fine Arts Special Collections, -r Fiske Kimball Library, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA. 1978 Coursey's Road. Unpublished manuscript. Fine Arts Special Collections, Fiske Kimball Library, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA. 2000 The Architecture of Jefferson Country: Charlottesville and Albemarle County, MIN Virginia. CDROM version. Albemarle County Historic Society and the Digital Media Lab at the University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA. NB—page number citations refer employ the electronic PDF page numbering. MacCord, Howard A. 1986 The Lewis Creek Mound Culture in Virginia. Privately published, Richmond, VA. Massie, Frank A. 1907 A New and Historical Map of Albemarle County Virginia. Virginia School Supply Company, Richmond,VA. Mattson, Richard, Frances Alexander, Daniel Cassedy, and Geoffrey Henry 1985 From the Monacans to Monticello and Beyond:Prehistoric and Historic Contexts for Albemarle County, Virginia. Unpublished report submitted to the Virginia Department of Historic Resources by Garrow and Associates, Inc., Raleigh,NC. McCary, Ben C. 1965 Survey of Virginia Fluted Points,Nos. 315-447. Quarterly Bulletin of the Archaeological Society of Virginia 20.2:53-60. 1984 Survey of Virginia Fluted Points. Archaeological Society of Virginia Special Publication no. 12, Archaeological Society of Virginia, Richmond, VA. 47 ow Belvedere/SOCA Phase I page 48 of 50 ow McGehee, Minnie Lee and William E. Trout, III 2001 Mr. Jefferson's River: the Rivanna. Fluvanna County Historical Society, Palmyra, VA. o, Michler,N. 1866 Map of Albemarle County, Virginia. Published by Steven G. Meeks, 1984, o,,,, Charlottesville, VA. Moore, John Hammond ow 1976 Albemarle:Jefferson's County, 1727-1976. University of Virginia Press, Charlottesville, VA. wo Mouer, L. Daniel 1990 The Archaic to Woodland Transition in the Piedmont and Coastal Plain Sections of the James River Valley, Virginia. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA. r. 1991 The Formative Transition in Virginia. In T. R. Reinhart and M. E. N. Hodges (eds), tow Late Archaic and Early Woodland Research in Virginia:A Synthesis. Special Publication No. 23 of the Archaeological Society of Virginia. pp. 1-88. Archaeological Society of Virginia, Richmond, VA. .r Mouer, L. Daniel, Fredrick W. Gleach, and Douglas C. McLearen 1986 A Ceramics Temporal Typology in Progress for Central Virginia. In Introduction to Phase 2 and Phase 3 Archaeological Investigations of the Henrico County Regional Mk Wastewater System, edited by L. Daniel Mouer. Richmond: Archaeology Research Center,Virginia Commonwealth University. IMO Nelson,Wilber A. 1962 Geology and Mineral Resources of Albemarle County. Virginia Depailrnent of "" Conservation and Economic Development, Department of Mineral Resources, Charlottesville, VA. ow Parfit, M. 2000 The dawn of humans: Hunt for the first Americans. National Geographic 198:40-67. ow Parker, Scott K. 1991 Early and Middle Archaic Settlement Patterns and Demography. In T. R. Reinhart and M. E. N. Hodges (eds),Early and Middle Archaic Research in Virginia:A e Synthesis. Special Publication No. 22 of the Archaeological Society of Virginia, pp.99-117. Archaeological Society of Virginia, Richmond, VA. SD Pawlett,Nathanial Mason 1975 Albemarle County Road Orders, 1783-1816. Virginia Highway and Transportation Research Council, Charlottesville, Virginia. Revised April 2004. r ON 48 U. woo Belvedere/SOCA Phase I page 49 of 50 a• 1981 Albemarle County Roads 1725-1816. Virginia Highway and Transportation Research Council, Charlottesville, Virginia. Revised September 2003. Peyton, Green 1875 A Map of Albemarle County, Virginia. Facsimili,published by the Albemarle County Historical Society, Charlottesville, VA. Originally published by Worley& Brachter, Philadelphia, PA, 1875. Pitner, Carl 1920 Pitner's Map of Albemarle County Virginia. Published by Carl Pitner, Washington, D.C. Stevens, J. Sanderson and Donna J. Seifert 1990 Phase I Archaeological Investigations of the U.S. Route 29 Corridor Study, Charlottesville and Albemarle County, Virginia. John Milner Associates,Alexandria, Virginia. Report submitted to Sverdrup Corporation, Falls Church, Virginia and The Virginia Department of Transportation, Richmond, Virginia. Thompson, Stephen M. 2005 A Phase I Archaeological Survey at Free State:An Historical African-American Community in Albemarle County, Virginia. Report submitted to Stonehaus Development by Rivanna Archaeological Services, LLC. 2006a Archaeological Identification of Cemetery Boundaries at the Bowles Family Cemetery within Site 44AB374, Tax Map Parcel 61-160 (Free State Road), Albemarle County, Virginia. VDHR File#2006-0394; U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Project# 2006-7633. Report submitted to Stonehaus, Inc. 2006b Phase II Archaeological Evaluations of Site 44AB374 and Site 44AB518, Belvedere Station Development Tract, Albemarle County, Virginia. VDHR File#2006-0394; U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Project#2006-7633. Report submitted to Stonehaus, Inc. w. in prep. Phase III Archaeological Investigations at Site 44AB374, Belvedere Development Tract, Albemarle County, Virginia. VDHR File#2006-0394; U.S. Army Corps of ,,. Engineers Project# 2006-7633. Report to be submitted to Stonehaus, Inc. Turner, E. Randolph, III 1989 Paleoindian Settlement Patterns and Population Distribution in Virginia. In J. Mark Wittkofski and Theodore R. Reinhart(eds),Paleoindian Research in Virginia:A Synthesis. Archaeological Society of Virginia Special Publication no. 19,pp.71-94. Archaeological Society of Virginia, Richmond, VA. 49 NO Belvedere/SOCA Phase I page 50 of 50 Underwood, John R., David W. Lewes, and Courtney J. Birkett 2004 A Cultural Resources Reconnaissance Survey of the Proposed Belvedere Development Project, Albemarle County, Virginia. William and Mary Center for NO Archaeological Research, Williamsburg, Virginia. Report submitted to Stonehaus Development, Charlottesville, Virginia. r USDA 1936-37 Aerial Photographs of Albemarle County, 1936-1937. United States Department of Agriculture, Washington,D.C. Virginia Aerial Photographs, 1936-1959, Accession no. 12249, Special Collections, Alderman Library, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA. 1957 Aerial Photographs of Charlottesville and Albemarle County, Virginia. United States Department of Agriculture, Commodity Stabilization Service,Washington, D.C. USGS 1935 Charlottesville and Vicinity, 1:62,500 series map. United States Geological Survey, U. S. Department of the Interior, Washington, D.C. Map on file at the Geospatial and .• Statistical Data Center, Alderman Library, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA. USGS 1987 Charlottesville East, 7.5-minute series quadrangle. Originally published 1973, photorevised 1987. United States Geological Survey, U. S. Department of the Interior,Washington, D.C. Watts, Charles Wilder 1948 Colonial Albemarle: The Social and Economic History of a Piedmont Virginia r County, 1727-1775. Unpublished Ph.D masters thesis, Department of History, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA. Webb, William Edward 1955 Charlottesville and Albemarle County, Virginia, 1865-1900. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Department of History, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA. Woods,Edgar 1932 Albemarle County in Virginia:giving some account of what it was by nature, of what "" it was made by man, and of some of the men who made it. The Green Bookman, Bridgewater, VA. Originally published 1901. MN 50 Belvedere/SOCA Phase I Appendix 1 air ara art APPENDIX 1 PHASE I GEOARCHAEOLOGICAL FIELD INVESTIGATIONS OF THE BELVEDERE SOCCER FIELD PROJECT,ALBEMARLE COUNTY,VIRGINIA Submitted by Daniel R. Hayes 51 ago Belvedere/SOCA Phase I Appendix 1 r PHASE I GEOARCHAEOLOGICAL FIELD INVESTIGATIONS OF THE BELVEDERE SOCCER FIELD PROJECT,ALBEMARLE COUNTY,VIRGINIA. Submitted To Rivanna Archaeological Services,LLC 410 East Water Street, Suite 1100 Charlottesville,VA 22902 Submitted By Daniel R. Hayes Daniel R. Hayes, Geoarchaeologist 125 Bennington Road Charlottesville,VA 22901 (434) 295-3610 drhayes125@comcast net January 20, 2008 a a a a a 52 s Belvedere/SOCA Phase I Appendix 1 Introduction In November 2007, Rivanna Archaeological Services conducted a Phase I archaeological survey ow within a 16-acre section of floodplain bordering the South Fork Rivanna River in Albemarle County and here designated Belvedere/SOCA Area B. Development plans for this parcel include construction of a soccer field complex with associated parking. In accordance with the •• requirements of the Albemarle County Planning Commission a Phase I archaeological survey was initiated. The project area was previously documented to include several prehistoric archaeological sites in near-surface context: 44AB0019, 44AB0020 and 44AB0033 (see r accompanying Phase I archaeological survey report). Field efforts were initiated to provide a preliminary assessment of all cultural resources within the project area, including the prerecorded sites. To support definition of the aerial and vertical extent and contextual integrity .r of the project area and each prerecorded site, supplemental geoarchaeological investigations were initiated. This geoarchaeological study employed deep-testing methods that included excavation of a series of backhoe trenches (n.=23). Potentially significant archaeological O,,, resources were located in numerous deep tests, suggesting that each prehistoric site includes buried and potentially stratified cultural components. Environmental Background The project area lies within the Piedmont physiographic province, approximately 12 miles east of ,r,,, the Blue Ridge province. The project area comprises the upstream segment of a broad and relatively level stretch of South Fork Rivanna River valley bottom known locally as the Dunlora floodplain. This floodplain is bordered by steeply rising, dissected, northeast-southwest trending elf ridges: within one mile of the project area there is 200+ ft of relief. Low-order and high gradient tributary streams dissect these upland valley walls. The North Fork Rivanna River conjoins the South Fork approximately 700 m(2300 ft) downstream of the project boundary. Mapped bedrock geology within the project area and extending south and east beneath the broad Dunlora floodplain includes pre-Cambrian age gneiss and schist (Johnson and Sweet 1969). Bedrock outcrops were noted in the riverbed and the riverbank opposite the project area. Immediately north (upstream) of the study area the river passes through a narrow and high- gradient chasm through bedrock consisting of an Ordovician-age amphibolite dike. Upstream of ar this relatively narrow dike another broad expanse of floodplain (the Carrsbrook floodplain) is inset within pre-Cambrian age bedrock (the Lynchburg Formation). Bedrock characteristics, including differential weathering of different types of bedrock, effect strong controls regarding river valley morphology. �r Valley bottom landforms consist primarily of stream-deposited, fine-grained alluvial sediment. Valley margins likely include some colluvial deposits along toeslopes, and fan deposits at the mouths of small tributaries valleys. The project area is relatively level, ranging from 334 to 339 ft amsl. There is some variation in micro-topography, with relatively linear topographic highs paralleling the bank, and consistent lows along the western valley margin. Sewer line construction and repeated cultivation have resulted in some grading of the floodplain surface. The riverbank along the eastern side of Area B is relatively steep and high(4.6 m, 15 ft), and has slumped in several locations. Unnamed, low-order, W-E draining tributary streams mark both 53 Belvedere/SOCA Phase I Appendix 1 the north and south boundaries of the project area. Another tributary that bisected the project area as recently as 1994 apparently has been diverted through a ditch that runs south along the southwestern side of the project area to join the southernmost tributary and its previous channel has been filled. Where tributary streams cross the floodplain they usually inhabit relatively straight and deep gullies that grade to the elevation of the riverbed; prior to historic modifications to the landscape (done to facilitate row cropping) these same tributaries may have exhibited longer and more sinuous channel configurations, possibly within shallow valleys that may have angled across the floodplain. As discussed above, soils mapped in the project area soils include Toccoa fine sandy loam along the relatively well-drained riverbank, and Chewacla silt loam and Wehadkee silt loam along the IM" more poorly drained alluvial terrace backslope and valley toeslope (USDA-SCS 1985). All were formed in fine-grained alluvium derived from eroded uplands within the drainage basin. Chewacla soils are classified as Entisols (typical A/Bw/C horizonation), and both Toccoa and Wehadkee soils as Inceptisols (typical A/C horizonation). The study area is susceptible to occasional flooding, but the severity of flooding is likely ameliorated by both the relative depth of the modern channel (relatively high banks), and the valley opening up downstream into the wider Dunlora floodplain. Backflooding of the larger floodplain is likely a function of the combined discharge at the confluence of the two forks of the Rivanna River. Methods Geoarchaeological investigations within alluvial landforms often focus on a systematic reconstruction of depositional history as indicated by the stratigraphy of flood plain sediments. Within Area B, geoarchaeological fieldwork included assessments of general surface •. topography, as well as subsurface characteristics (regarding sediment, soil and archaeology) provided by deep test exposures (trenches) and supplemental cores. Riparian resources are often recognized as key factors in prehistoric site selection. Discovery and evaluation of archaeological sites located in riverine settings are often contingent upon the preservation conditions of host landforms, and the investigative techniques employed. Many relic alluvial landforms include stratified arrays of water-deposited sediments deposited over time (that are sometimes reconfigured by subsequent episodes of erosion and redeposition). Geoarchaeological investigations within such settings often focus on a systematic reconstruction of formation history as indicated by sediment, soil and archaeological characteristics. Sedimentological characteristics are most useful in determining conditions of landform ,- formation, and soil characteristics are most useful in determining conditions of post-depositional changes, both natural and cultural (Waters 1992, Foss et al 1995). Important distinctions exist between sediments and soils: soils are pedogenically-modified sediments; sediments include unweathered and unconsolidated deposits (in this case, alluvium) and are not soils, even when derived from former eroded soils(Hassan 1978; Ferring 1986, 1992). Soils develop in sediments through processes of weathering(transformation,translocation, and removal of both physical and chemical components), and additions of new physical and chemical components (both geo- and 54 Belvedere/SOCA Phase I Appendix 1 IMO biochemical), through infusions of new sediment, organic matter, precipitation, and atmospheric gasses (Birkeland 1984, Ciolkosz et al 1989, Holliday 1990). Archaeological materials introduced to a site landscape may also be considered a type of "sediment", each with its own set of genetic, physical and chemical traits. Archaeological sediments and residues may stand out in contrast with "natural", non-anthropogenic site sediment. For example, any inclusion of pebble-size clasts in a stratum dominated by fine- grained alluvial sediments may represent a depositional mode outside of the norm and thus may be a result of cultural activity). Consideration of the relative characteristics and distribution of NIS such "anomalous" sediments may provide key indicators of both landform history and archaeological site formation processes. The relative development and preservation of sedimentological, pedological and archaeological characteristics within any stratum are strongly influenced by residence time in a near-surface environment. An actively aggrading landform environment favors preservation of sediment eft characteristics (including archeological sediments). A relatively stable environment (with little net accumulation of sediment) favors long-term pedogenic weathering and accumulation of organic matter and possibly anthropogenic debris, sometimes in a midden-like surface soil. Actively degrading (or eroding) conditions may result in truncation of surfaces, selective erosion and displacement of both alluvial and archeological sediments, a general deflation of the stratigraphic record, and accumulation of a surface"lag" of archaeological materials. �. Within the Area B floodplain a series of 23 profile exposures were examined. Sediment characteristics were recorded that included observations of lithology (texture) of each distinct stratum as well as bedding, sorting, and the contacts (boundaries) between strata. Elevation differences were measured as depths below ground surface at each individual exposure. Absolute elevation was recorded at each exposure using GPS. Sediment samples were collected from several potential features and one representative trench column. Post-depositional (soil) characteristics were recorded following standard soil descriptive terminology developed by the United States Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service (USDA-SCS 1974). These included descriptions of texture, color, mottling, structure, consistency, inclusions, intrusions, and transferrals. Soil horizon nomenclature followed the U.S. Department of Agriculture Soil Survey Manual (USDA-SCS 1993). Soil horizon designations represented modern conditions. Assessment of the archaeological content of each trench was accomplished by examination of trench exposures (floors and walls) during and after excavation. Most artifacts observed during the course of this work were collected and recorded according to trench location and provenience. Potential cultural features, including several clusters of fire-cracked rocks, were "' left in place when possible. Charcoal samples were routinely collected and saved for potential future radiocarbon-age analyses. wit +rr 55 Belvedere/SOCA Phase I Appendix 1 wig Results The primary goal of this project was to investigate the depositional history of the project area, in an initial effort to formulate a model of landform development and to gain an understanding of the potential for significant archaeological deposits/sites in the Area B floodplain. The project also aimed to document any archaeological remains encountered during fieldwork. Finally, efforts were directed towards identification of any direct impacts that proposed athletic field construction might impart to near-surface archaeological resources. The phase I investigation entailed mechanical excavation of 23 trenches systematically spaced across the Area B floodplain. Most trenches were aligned in transects (consisting of 2-6 trenches each) oriented perpendicular (roughly E-W) to the river channel (Figure 12, above). Trenches ranged in depth from 0.55 m to 2.5 m (1.8 ft – 8.2 ft) below grade, with a majority of trenches (n=16) exceeding 1.22 m(4 ft). A summary of deep test characteristics is presented in Table Al, Appendix 2. Illustrations of three significant trench exposures are included in Figures A.1, A.2, and A.3. A detailed text description of a representative test(DT-01) is found in Appendix 3. Floodplain stratigraphy in Area B is organized within two primary sediment packages, each of which exhibits distinctive sediment, soil and archaeological characteristics. These primary strata are termed "pre-settlement" and "post-settlement alluvium, reflecting their deposition on either side of the onset of Euro-American settlement in the region around 1730. Pre-settlement Alluvium The most extensive, basal and oldest sediment package is pre-settlement alluvium. It consists of water-deposited sediments that constitute most of the Area B floodplain terrace, or alluvial landform. This sediment (or lithologic unit) is primarily comprised of clay, silt and very fine sand particles deposited incrementally over time by overbank flooding of the Rivanna River (which may have occupied its present channel for an extended period of time). This alluvial unit is remarkably homogenous in overall texture (the clay/silt/sand combination) and rarely contained larger, non-cultural clasts such as pebbles or cobbles indicative of depositional forces outside the norm (such as catastrophic floods). This fine-grained unit also extended quite deep as noted in DT-01, DT-02 and DT-10, where it extended to depths in excess of 2.25 m (8.2 ft) below grade). Variations in texture existed, but most boundaries between internal strata appeared conformable and gradational: no clear eroded contacts were noted within the presettlement alluvium (except in surficial 2Ap horizons). These fine-grained alluvial sediments are apparently underlain by coarser-grained fluvial (channel bed) sediments that in most deep tests reported here exist beyond the range of deep testing: however, gravels associated with probable schisty bedrock were noted near the valley toeslope at 1.5 m(4.92 ft) in DT-03, and what appear to be basal sands were noted at approximately 2.25 m(8.2 ft) in DT-06 and DT-08, and at 1.85 m (6.07 ft) in DT-09. It is assumed—but not clearly demonstrated by trench or riverbank profiles—that this suite of pre-settlement alluvium is underlain by bedrock throughout most of this terrace. The pre-settlement alluvium has weathered into a distinctive soil. This soil consists of a relatively dark (and probably organic-enriched) cumulative, surface horizon (2A or 2AC �. horizon) sometimes plow disturbed(2Ap horizon)underlain by relatively weak expressions of B- 56 Belvedere/SOCA Phase I Appendix 1 Geoarchaeological Profile se Belvedere/SOCA Floodplain Low Terrace (Floodplain) Trench DT-1 Column Profile: North Wall -338 6 ft -103.2 m (amsl) Primary 0.0 ft/m— Lithology AP irr cu 1.011 0 co 0.5m ^05 ad .2.011 11 ----Eroded Contact ----Eroded Contact 2Ab ©c Aarnreratrne7 _3.0 fl 1.0 m . 2AC c Ap 5YR4/4 8 Cl 5YR4/4 a.o n 28w C2 7.5YR52-62 arr --------- C3 7.5YR4/3-62 ((1 V 2BC1 2Ab 7.5YR413 E 2AC 7.5YR4/4 w/C12 1.5m ._:.. .: =a 5.0 t1 eatare I c °— N 2Bw 7.5YR4/6 "" 2BC2 ‘g 2BC1 7.5YR4/4 2BC2 7.5YR4/3 2 -.6.0 ft _ 5 2BC3 7.5YR3/4-513 • G 2BC4 7.5YR3/4 2.0 m m .7.0 ft 2BC3 m O a > U' • (1) **..�.�...._....._�.._.__._.__ m (YIY KEY .8.0 ft 2BC4 Abrupt Boundary Clear Boundary 2.5 m _ ----LmtofExcavation Gfadual Boundary .- Root/Insect Cast V Cobble/P.ebble p Firecracked Rock tat Lithic Artifact L rrr Ceramic Artifact C Charcoal Water Table V V V Soil Horizon Figure A.1: Profile drawing of a section of the north wall of DT-01. nig rrr 57 ime Belvedere/SOCA Phase I Appendix 1 IMO Geoarchaeological Profile Belvedere Floodplain Low Terrace (Floodplain) Trench DT-2 Column Profile: North Wall -337 4 ft -102 8 m (amsl) Primary 0.0 m — d� LRhology ear � P 1.011 Cl E -----. E .___Eroded Contact "" 0.5m . C2 sara �ers�_ vs cR a° .2.0 ft ® �� --Eroded Contact 2Apb L N �I 11 .3.0 n 2Ab/Ap? • L 1.0 m _ '"" • L N V Ap 7.5YR3/3 2Bw Fe rez L ® - E Cl 5YR4/4 4.o n -- ---------- C2 7.5YR4/4 r m 2Apb 7.5YR4/4 28C1 N S c m 2Ab/Ap?7.5YR312-3/3 s 2Bw 7.5YR5/4 w/C12 1.5 m 5.0 2BC1 7.5YR4/4 2BC2 0 2BC2 5YR4/4 w/FeMn mottles N 2BC3 5YR4/6 .6.0 n 4 @ 2BC4 7.5YR4/4 w/C12 2BC3 o a> 2BC5 5YR5/6 w/FeMn mottles 2.0 m 2BC4 ' "� ** ? m Z .7.0 ft J a i 2BC5 -----LPN of Excavation--- KEY _8.0 R Abrupt Boundary �r 2.5 m _ Clear Boundary „_.._.. Gradual Boundary --- Root/Insect Cast Cobble/P.ebble © Firecracked Rock Lithic Artifact L Ceramic Artifact C Charcoal �* Water Table V V V Soil Horizon Figure A.2: Profile drawing of a section of the north wall of DT-02. 58 rlr Belvedere/SOCA Phase I Appendix 1 air Geoarchaeological Profile Belvedere Floodplain Low Terrace (Floodplain) Trench DT-16 Column Profile: South Wall —337.8 ft —103 0 r (amsl) Primary 0.0 m — Ldhology Apt L •-- = __ h Q 1.0 ft Ap2 L (� vonmonpart (n ---Eroded Contact rrr 0.5 m . 2Ab .,, Lv--*Caromed .2.O rt 2Bw (O' E a5 ° ai o m � 2BC1 ® ** ? a .3.0 ft L • ** = E 1.0 m . 2BC2 Feature a; t je L L** m rrr .4.0 ft L L **L L c CO) CJ w L L L L ** m z Ap 1 7.5+5 YR4/3 a > o Limit of Excavation----- Ap2 7.5+5YR412Ab7.5YR4/4 1.5 m 2Ab 7.5YR4/3-3/3 2Bw 7.5YR4/4-4/6 w/C12 2BC1 7.5YR4/4 w/C12 wr 2BC2 7.5YR4/4-514 w/C12 KEY Abrupt Boundary Clear Boundary __..._. Gradual Boundary • Root/Insect Cast V.A Cobble/P.ebble p o ire Firecracked Rock Lithic Artifact L Ceramic Artifact C Charcoal '* •�• Water Table V V V Soil Horizon Figure A.3: Profile drawing of a section of the south wall of DT-16. OW WO 59 a. Belvedere/SOCA Phase I Appendix 1 got horizonation (2Bw and 2BC horizons). Weathering has masked most evidence of primary deposition of the sediments, although soil structure was not strongly evident. Colors reflected relative age and drainage conditions: primary hues of 7.5YR likely reflect both the color of original alluvium and iron oxidation over a significant period of time, particularly along the relatively well drained eastern margin of the floodplain. Along the poorly drained western ® margin of the terrace 10YR and 7.5YR hues were more prevalent, as was oxidation and reduction mottling (iron and manganese staining and concretions) that indicates seasonally wet soil conditions. Most horizons exhibited friable to increasingly firm consistency with depth, and °' root disturbance was minimal. Profile characteristics across the study area within pre-settlement alluvium are consistent with the classification as a variably drained Inceptisol. — Archaeological content of the pre-settlement alluvium sampled during deep testing was singularly prehistoric (although some inclusions of historic artifacts within the plow-disturbed surface horizons were encountered during shovel testing). Artifacts (including lithics and a few a ceramics) appeared most abundant in near-surface contexts (2Ap, 2Ab and 2AC horizons, but were also recovered from underlying 2BC horizons as deep as 1.55 mbs (5.1 ft) in DT-10. With increased depth below relic surface strata, artifact content appears to decline. Probable arl archaeological features were found in relatively intact near-surface contexts (e.g. DT-02, Figure A.2; DT-13, Figure 16, above) and within deeper 2BC horizons (e.g. DT-01, Figure A.1, Figure 17, above). Several near-surface features appeared to be intrusive (DT-16, Figure A.3). Several .rr of the deeper lithic-cluster features demonstrated no clear evidence of an intrusive origin but rather appeared to exist on a horizontal plane, sometimes in association with similar artifacts at the same elevation, suggesting that these strata may mark short-term surfaces that retain no a strong extant pedogenic characteristics associated with surficial A-soil horizons (such as dark color). a While the presence of Woodland-age (late Holocene) artifacts appear to characterize the uppermost extent of pre-settlement alluvium, the basal strata exhibit little in way of temporal indicators besides inclusions of charred organics (in both artifact-bearing and apparently"sterile" .. strata) that hold the potential for radiocarbon dating. Deposition of this pre-settlement alluvium probably originated in the early-mid Holocene (10,000 — 5,000 years BP) and extended through the late Holocene to the historic period, with prehistoric archaeological site components forming a during sporadic occupations that occurred coeval with net alluvial aggradation across the terrace. Radiocarbon dating of basal strata and deep features within Area B would clarify issues regarding this temporal framework. Post-settlement Alluvium Post-settlement alluvium (PSA) is a laterally extensive, surficial and young sediment package. Found in every deep test, it consists of sediments reconfigured by---and partially derived from--- historic-era flood events. PSA in Area B includes eroded and reworked terrace surface sediments as well as net contributions of new alluvium derived from both the river and(possibly) ai` the tributary streams that cross the project area. Most PSA has undergone repeated disturbance over the past century due to repeated plowing and occasional flooding as land clearing and cultivation render much of the terrace surface susceptible to flood disturbance. Flood events can "' both add sediments to the overall terrace as well as selectively deflate select areas through flood scour: At least two of the prerecorded sites in Area B were in fact discovered by Holland in 1942 60 a rr Belvedere/SOCA Phase I Appendix 1 following a major flood event that scoured channels through prehistoric cultural strata (see above). Factors that contribute to the affects of flooding include volume and intensity of flood events, bank heights, channel geometry and the amount of sediment available both in suspension ,,,o and within the stream channel (as bedload). As relates to all alluvial landform construction, changes in the depositional system are affected by environmental changes in the overall drainage basin. PSA was found to effectively blanket the entire Area B floodplain terrace, albeit to variable depths. In all but three deep tests PSA was found to range between 0.25 m and 0.66 m(0.82 ft— 2.17 ft) in thickness. In two tests located near the mouth of a tributary valley (DT-21, DT-22) PSA equaled or exceeded 1.0 m (3.28 ft) in thickness. In a single test located near the northern end of Area B (DT-05) PSA apparently filled a preexisting low spot on the terrace to a depth of 2.15 m (7.05 ft) that may (?) have previously been occupied by the north-bounding tributary rr during the early historic period. PSA is comprised primarily of silty sands that range in size from very fine to coarse (as well as mixed sands). Sand content is generally higher in PSA than in older pre-settlement alluvium, particularly along the eastern(riverside) edge of the terrace. . Primary bedforms were sometimes evident (if not plow-disturbed) and included occasional pockets of silt-starved sands where floodwaters had effectively removed silt and clay components (e.g. DT-01, DT-0; Figures A.1, A.2). PSA includes very few pebbles. As PSA was derived in part from the eroded pre- settlement terrace surface, most large-sized components or clasts (larger than sand-sized) included artifacts, sometimes as lag deposits left behind if the fine-grained matrix was stripped away. Many strata boundaries in PSA appeared abrupt and sometimes erosional, particularly in contact with older pre-settlement alluvium. In five test trenches (DT-04, -07, -18, -19 and -21) PSA was found in direct contact with pre-settlement, 2B-soil horizons which indicates that any preexisting surficial 2A horizons in those test locations were likely eroded and reincorporated into PSA. [Although care was taken to avoid the buried sewer line that traverses Area B, it should be noted that the excavation and backfilling of this feature in 1979 apparently contributed both mixed and relatively coarse sediment to the terrace surface, some of which was subsequently incorporated into PSA by cultivation. Similar disturbance affects likely occurred in regards to the apparent rerouting and channeling of the three aforementioned tributaries that drain the western upland "" valley margin. It is possible that non-local fills may have been introduced to the study area.] Due to its young age, PSA exhibits little soil formation. Soil horizons consist primarily of r"' surface horizons (Ap or AC horizons) underlain by unweathered C horizons that exhibit primary bedforms. Soil structure was weakly expressed. Colors reflected both the origin (often eroded preexisting soils) and drainage conditions: most PSA exhibits 5YR and 7.5 YR hues across the rr landform with some incipient mottling evident in the relatively poorly drained western margin of the floodplain (such as DT-21 and DT-22). Most PSA soil horizons exhibit very friable consistency, with roots common near surface. Profile characteristics across the study area within PSA are consistent with the classification as a variably-drained Entisol. 61 err me Belvedere/SOCA Phase I Appendix 1 r. The archaeological content of the post-settlement alluvium recovered during trench excavation was primarily prehistoric, and included very few historic artifacts. All prehistoric artifacts "` recovered from PSA were likely derived from the eroded, relic terrace surface and remained as lag deposits within the PSA. . Summary The project landform consists of sediments organized into two major stratigraphic units distinguished by differences in sediment and soil morphology, age, depositional history and archaeology. The first and most extensive stratigraphic unit, pre-settlement alluvium, consists of fine-grained, "'" alluvium that was deposited incrementally over several millennia during formation of the project landform and exhibits stratigraphic evidence of episodic prehistoric occupation. Inclusive archaeological components include possible features in minimally disturbed, sub-plowzone contexts, as well as artifact scatters within both cultivated and uncultivated near-surface horizons. In every test trench, presettlement alluvium was found to be capped by variable thicknesses of post-settlement alluvium. The second stratigraphic unit, post-settlement alluvium, consists of historic-age sediments derived from older strata that have been deposited and often redeposited across the Area B landform. Sources of post-settlement alluvium include historic-age flood deposits, reworked relic surface sediments (and possible additions of fills---subsequently reworked---associated with sewer line construction and the reconfiguration of preexisting tributary drainages). Post- settlement alluvium exhibits the strongest sedimentological evidence of severe flooding, which was likely attributable to land-use practices that resulted in land clearing and repeated mechanical cultivation. Artifact content within post-settlement alluvium was found to be low, . and in disturbed context. .. 62 mit Belvedere/SOCA Phase I Appendix 1 REFERENCES Birkeland, P.W. so 1984 Soils and Geomorphology. Oxford University Press,New York Ciolkosz, Edward J., William J. Waltman, Thomas W. Simpson and Robert R. Dobos 1989 Distribution and Genesis of Soils of the Northeastern United States. Geomorphology, 2 (1989) 285-302. Ferring, C.R. 1992 Alluvial Pedology and Geoarchaeological Research. In, V.T. Holliday, ed., Soils in Archaeology. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington. .� 1986 Rates of Fluvial Sedimentation: Implications for Archaeological Variability. Geoarchaeology, 1:259-274. so Foss, J.E., R.J. Lewis and M.E. Timpson 1995 Soils in Alluvial Sequences: Some Archaeological Implications. In,Pedological Perspectives in Archeological Research. Soil Science Society of America Special Publication 44,Madison. Hassan, F.A. 1978 Sediments in Archaeology: Methods and Implications for Paleoenvironmental and Cultural Analysis.Journal of Field Archaeology 5:197-213. Holliday, V. T. 1990 Pedology in Archaeology. In,N.P. Lasca and J. Donahue, eds.,Archaeological Geology of North America. Centennial Special Volume Number 4. The Geological Society of America, Boulder. am° Johnson, S. J.and P.0 Sweet 1969 Magnetic and Gravity Surveys of Albemarle and Fluvanna Counties, Virginia. Report of Investigations 20, Virginia Division of Mineral Resources, Charlottesville. Timpson, M.E. and J.E. Foss 1993 The Use of Particle-size Analysis as a Tool in Pedological Investigations of Archaeological Sites.In, J.E. Foss, M.E. Timpson and M.W. Morris Eds.,Proceedings of the First International Conference on Pedo-Archaeology. Special Publication 93-03, pp 69-80, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville. USDA-SCS (United States Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service) 1993 Soil Survey Manual. USDA Handbook 18, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington. USDA-SCS (United States Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service) 1986 Soil Survey of Albemarle County, Virginia. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington. ++� 63 Belvedere/SOCA Phase I Appendix 1 USDA-SCS (United States Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service) 1974 Definitions and Abbreviations for Soil Descriptions. West Technical Service Center, Portland. Waters, M. R. 1992 Principles of Geoarchaeology. University of Arizona Press, Tucson. 64 - APPENDIX 2 ""' SUMMARY TABLE OF MECHANICAL TRENCHES EXCAVATED IN AREA B Submitted by Daniel R. Hayes .. .. 65 MO OM 7r E Z4 q U N lin 0o Y{ _ M/�� c V N 0 O@) @:/ E U 00 -. •� U O 0U 00 U � 00 w AMP U 17, a) 00 alY • V fi V U U N �;/ V U•c., I1 = = . cd N_ N_ .0 I. CQ 0 k k X X .-1 X X X W X X k X k o- �l co U U X X �l X X X X X X k MO tm 00 O O 00 va O v1 V7 00 N + O r- N N v) O O vl v1 v1 M O v1 -, vl v1 O v1 v1 vn o ms• s„ — 7 s.0 ,.O 00 — N 4. 00 N v1 N M ,D 00 Cr, N v7 [- QN O N N 7 v1 1— O v1 00 N M v1 A OOOOO -. --, --, N N 00000 -- -- -- —, NN OO6 6 -4 -- OOO I s• vn .• C 01 %ti g 0. • . , A s , G. 0 \o . ox Iea il II -In C.) 3UC) UU _ �0.-0 3000UU a300 � 3 CI aV] C"�i 10< UUUNNNNNNNNANNN < UUNNNNNNNNNNNNNN < < NNNNNNNN < UN Ao 00 Q •04 V] C/0 V] P. a P. o a ) i # 6 0 CC g o.s E a) E rr c� Y v y aa) y .. ++ ¢' bD y N N cC V1 cn a 00 0 a 0 0 °i a a a a a a w a. a Cl it Ce � L .c E E E E E E E E E E E E U Ca+ b p, 0 0 0 N 0 N 0 0 0 O v1 v1 y 0 vl 7 v1 N M N )0 V 00 (N V1 MO `ra A V N 4 ,--, N M -. -. N O O C• C N 7 00 N v1 N v1 WI AO al W M O C,1 `••••• M O M •r M O M 'r M O M --, A v ai y L U U V U O, C 0 cC = 0 = CI fi L C 6) N 0 Q WO 0 0 N 0 0 Q O c F � ..).• E � E �� R••m N O O id O O O O O O .0 O p 0 0 O L Fl A, 1-1 .1 4 .1 4 4, .4 LL a Y .. E - N M R con v a7o F F F F r:i u )rrrnhh A E A E A_ A_ C E L 0) 00 V a) 00 '0 Y 0:, ,0 a? v1 KJ Will 4• 14..n y v, E°" � � °r E' C 00 F U00N F. � oo � d N ~ A. CM — O, V M CI i K'F C) a) C � v y C) y � r-v E- aW A HI L.14 Z AE-. wz AFwz AHwz 66 rr to CI E E E ' ON , .Z eft U U U 1) .Z' O 0 M V ,M—. "C/ C-1,1=V Z � O -. ci E C �\ O en @) CG r m v L C.) C.) E".. � (��.l N Q! + U v 'C 00 U O V U M. o M U N O v.. .� v1 \O � v1 N y M U., 4. 00 .Z " U i. U } \J U U U U + U _ _ _ _ _ W• k x k k x is k k x �l � U k k U t-1 k LL k k k k k k k �1 k k �1 U Pa. Cq W 4. M v1Oh owl v100vtv100v1ootnwl ,no ,noov+1O V1000O V1v1000O Vlkn N Q, --. N vl l� N -• M ,n 00 O N ,-• M 7 'C 00 V O V - N v1 00 7 ,-• M l- 00 ,- \.O N O - (-4 6c; -. N O O O O N (-4 O O O o o - N N O O O O - - O O O O -• - N a) -� ore U `-. N �^ cr U A wig "-. N " a • = " "PO AA CG O •/ � - ao Ga GQ co CL CL CG 0. P] " U Pa W < (...) (-) < U N N N < < N N N N < U U N N N N N < < N N N N < U W N N N N p PO- a P. PV. P. P. 0 ,� O 0 E •0 E E 0 E •0 E s - u 0 > '.> a '� 0 > 5 no od o d d d d d d d - a0) .0 aa)) C aa)) C aa)) C aa)) aa) C Wm E .Z. a, a, a) L. .. ". m ^ u ^' 1 �' a0i °' ., u ore lg If.3 V) o cn N Cl) N Cl) N Cl) N cn N vl rn cn rn rn CO y o Z. 0 s. o o o o I. P. P. P. P. P. P. P. P. P. P. P. CO vi M u •• E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E C ov1 v1 0000 v, 00 0ov, 000 oovl • O N -. O m N 00N o V' r_.--, 71-. Q.: N 1D N 0) ) - N 7 ,--� N N — N M -. N -, -• V --, N• L Mt et N 00 r a V o n O 'r 00 b E..4 C--- Ni r ^i .O Ni k---: ,•i v1 Ni ‘.6 ,-,i M O M O M O M O M O M O Am 'r M m ,---- m ,---, m ,---, . m 'r oft y a a) a) a) a) a) a) H 03 fi fi fi fi fi M fi G O C C3 C CS k _Q t o Q U fi a) fi a) fi a) fi U fi U fi H c., Tsa' F, % t -§, F- v .-a' F. a) 'B- F" d B,,' H C d 'tea' Or A o o °o o n o 00 0 0 °o o v o 00 0 0 o 0 o °o °tea w ..a .1 w ,- as �, a � as w i. E o = imp = ' E= 4 vlA2EcA E ! A E . A EN AVEv A Eo•ti�I y 7 y m H co •-±-: m ,n4 m 0 ,,,,; y M� �y a)U p 1p a) oo N a) `p 0, N 00 00 a) U ,O © a) m rn rn 00 00 .. a, 00 a' a ° ° .- 0.- M - a� ° � ac) °= o. u00 = a� �^ �, CE yQ 0.4 C N N 4.7 N N y A N N yr. N N y N N F r V y Er--- 7r y Lo r- V C 2 l�V y u N V C 4U, N V H AF-, W Z AE- L Z AH WZ AF-, wZ AF-lwZ AE-“L) Z ea 67 up ,r AO 0 tO as ,0 , nr) .,-) 00 44 E Z co� U 4V O�0 U r�' E N } E v — E U@) 0 U 7 0 O @./ N O vim - 0nO v L)) N 0 0 O cn 0 0o O P1 .Z kn V k+ N 00 �,.D 0 + U CL O 0 +"• Mir U_ U U U U U �"' U U k X a a s X X a a a k X W k. 1-a W s k Pte- X U k X X X X U k WWI + + t O ,n kn .n ./1 V1 M Vl �D co 00 N co V1 N 00 [� 0 M O O kn V1 Vl O M kn l� N V kn r- – v1 ,.D r N OD N N -. M O V 00 v'1 00 01 -- V 0 0 0 0 -- 0 0 0 0 -- 0 0 0 0 •-• 0 0 0 0 --, - -, 0 0 0 0 ,— -• mai C. .0 Ali d' N a. 3U .0 3U az 3U .0 3000 co 3UU d U N co N NN d Qa N NN (N d U N NN NN d U N si N� NN ao al NN d C..) d NN NN co M d d d d d _+, CA CA CA Cl) CA p P. a. 0.. a a C 0 E 0 0 ar • 0 0 > > > > 0 >•R� 0 0 o d d d d d • N y0 a0) 0 C) 0 C) 0 C) 0 war y E E y 0 E v to 0 rn 0 .n 0 rn 0 . U 0. P7- P. P~- P. Pte. P. Pte- PO. P�- r C.) •GA E E E E E E E E E E E E E E G y O O kn O O 00 O O N O O Vl O O l-- y 0 kn T -71' V M O N 0' V 00 N ,.D INV U •i -.. -. N •--, .--i M N --- N -- en .-•• ,--,• L at ,C) M M N M 00 V 00 a C.„`vi N N N Ni N- N vi N — E.i M O M O M O M O M O M -. M i M - M -, M `v y C) 0 v v m v F 0 al 0 0 al 0 0. 0 0i fi 0 0 a0) 0 6 CC) fi Q y 6 a 6) H N '.,:ir H t - - H U N - - H 0 N - ' H d .SY g:11 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 y 0 0 0 0 0 to a 4„ a s 4,, a s rte, a ri as �+ N M - in = F F 4 F F V) A EM A E, A Eo A E E A Ecoo E ~ h 7 m N7 y 07a\ y ^ [s r E" .0 ' F F EZ N F , F = rn oo 4,4 .O d Q N N d C N N aa 0 N N CL Q M a U M.-. 01 0 c- r a) C) d 2t 4.4 2, NM y 2r-v FAE- wZ AE- wz AFw4 AE- W4 AE w2 ,r 68 WO 0).. err U U 0 `mil CO M Oi C E O1 ° ~ _ R U E 7 UE �o � U '� U C U ,0 01 U M .... p as Q N N v ° E t N E E E a, U _ C�. M + rn V Z O O M cUC m M + ,_ U C kr)U W O U ,--� 7 4 t'1 + E '�0.1 Z UN g. rn O Ua N cd en cd U + U .O M E V w. 0 U U iC + cV O U O N cd U O O M U (Y'i bp Y 'O ' U 00 '' 'j'+ �' `'-' aU U '? �_ (Np� `" (v` CT P. p C•3 — — Nfi � � ` v � v "«6wv � iC �p + U L'. . ti ca ti N P: .4 .4 .4 P; ca cn En ti •g -5 P: N N P: P: Oil' X .'". U CY U W W .) ..a .] P. 00 = X U X X := P. U X XU X W W X NW N N O O r M v1 ' v) ON + v1 O O N vn O 00 O N N -- M v1 N W V --- M v1 N O .-- M ,,D O N v) -- -- 7 vO O 0 0 0 0 0 -• O O O O -- O O O -- O O -+ O O O ^ 0. _ N OW Q -0 3 U U N AUU -� N 3U U NUU bp < N NN NN N < < N NSA NN < < NN NN < < NN < < N NN Oil 4 C° C/) (l) Cr) CI) O a a a P. a f. .- g •> _ = 0 = 0 0 _. O — Q Q Q ,0 v E C 4 Z Wm E E y ai y N N ED . ^ — V) 0 Cn N CI) a) 00 U V) U „'fir v' a) '� U m U N C) y U PO. Pte- P. P}. PO- a a a. a.. 4 C up u rI E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E •'L O O M O O ,O O ■'1 O O O O O O N v1 O 7 O N O l- M O 00 ul -. O CJ M _. ^ M -. — M "" -- M — •-- M ^ ^ et ow L CC U W E c... W W W 00 O V a O 00 v1 a N a (.w l� M 7 'r .1: 'r NN C' -4 M O M O M O M O M O n. M ', i M '. M ', M '-. M ', Nib h 4 U U C) N U E" fi fi fi w fi fi Q , fi O aa)) fi v fi aa) fi O a) fi 6 u E� v zA E y �' E� a) y �a E-H a) v �a F-' N ^,;:s UM A y 0 0 0 0 0 g y 0 0 y P 0 0 0 ,,a a .t Li a ri a s a .a w a El-, R l� 00 C O UP ,C. "" ---I ---1 N AA A A E E E E A E E E E E ,o o Q d 00 N C) V) - C) M N a) C) r rn MD CL U M ^ CS. U M CY U M CL U M CL U M ^ .fl a) C N N C) G N N C) '. N N y C N N y A , N N c0 C) 2 N 7 co 0 N 7 u N N 7 y ti N K C) N V H AE- w4 AE— w4 AE— w4 AE- wZ AE- wZ ow 69 ow M. t EoU ,,, O c O � . MM�`` NM U _� M V s. Q cd U U .0 +-," an E vi U co.cC E ¢ U N er E U _v Yr = o v U.,,-- . b ,-, r:4 M o cz „ U vs U U N AM + + 0 0 0 vn WI O 1D v) 0 0 N 00 O -� l� N M V') l-- 01 O O ---- -- -- O O O O O MIN OW C. p. _ au- N UUU ktC UN N W N N 0 cv C p P, P. C E E • • 0 s = = p ¢ Q Q Q 0 ai E v NIU L Y U U U cu t.� Cn y v) y cu w N C U - - a a fii y V � EE £ E E E y 0 0 vi O co, O a-, ^ • ts M 01 02 M — — M - O 41110 RI L CC S..V4: 4-` E 00 R 01 O F O M O MO Ai M ^■ M '� V) CJ U a •0 N CI OW E N E el N .. A U E E A E E t '�,I m O M 1D y ^- �y C) U 1p M G.7 .-.01 E..I l� [� .o 0\ U U co CC d 2 r V 6) 4U. r 7 F1 A W Z AF-' wZ AMP 70 ON APPENDIX 3 REPRESENTATIVE GEOARCHAEOLOGICAL PROFILE DESCRIPTION Submitted by Daniel R. Hayes 71 Belvedere/SOCA Phase I Appendix 3 REPRESENTATIVE GEOARCHAEOLOGICAL PROFILE DESCRIPTION Location: Deep Test(DT)-1 Date: 11/05/07 Landform: Alluvial Terrace Elevation: 103.2 masl (sw corner) Exposure: Trench: 4.5 m E-W, 1.4 m N-S, 2.5 mbs Excavator: mini-excavator w/smooth 24"bucket Archaeological Component: Coal, FCR, debitage, charcoal Description: Trench located in a well-drained and level section of fallow field. Profile revealed a deep ® sequence of Holocene-age accretionary alluvial sediments that consisted of a section of very fine sandy silt(silt loam/loam)that ranged from 0.7-2.5 mbs;soil formation was limited to strong cumulative A-horizonation(Ap,AC horizons)in upper 0.45m(including a plow-disturbed horizon)underlain by a stacked sequence of cumulative BC horizons(possible AC horizons)that exhibited little variation in lithology or structure but some variation in color and inclusions. Capping this sequence was—70 cm of silty mixed sands(loamy sands)that represent historic flood additions and reworked sediments:these exhibited minimal soil formation due to relatively young age. Although alluvial in nature,no fluvial base(channel bed sediments)was encountered beneath this sequence due to vertical limits of the excavator. Archaeological components were limited to the pre-contact(prehistoric)alluvial component,and included lithic debitage at 70 cmbs,a modified cobble(hammerstone?)@ 80cm,and a possible feature consisting of a cluster of firecracked rock(FCR)with charcoal at 147 cmbs. Base: Lithology and Description 0.18 m Silty mixed sand(loamy sand),reddish brown(5YR4/4)moist;weak fine to medium subangular blocky structure,many very fine to fine roots,very friable;Ap Soil Horizon(plowzone). clear and smooth lower boundary ... 0.40 Silty mixed sand(loamy sand),reddish brown(5YR4/4)moist;weak coarse prismatic structure, common very fine to fine roots,very friable;C1 Soil Horizon. clear and smooth lower boundary 0.60 Silty mixed sand(loamy sand),brown to pinkish gray(7.5YR5/2-6/2)moist;weak coarse platy structure,few fine roots near lower contact,very friable; C2 Soil Horizon. abrupt,irregular and eroded lower contact 0.68 Silty sand(sandy loam),dark brown(7.5YR4/4)with pockets of bedded,pinkish gray(7.5YR6/2) sands;weak fine-medium platy(laminated)structure,very few very fine roots,very friable,C3 1.. Soil Horizon. clear to abrupt,smooth and eroded lower contact 0.85 Silty very fine sand(very fine sandy loam),dark brown(7.5YR4/3),with occasional cobble and artifact;weak coarse prismatic structure,common very fine roots,friable,2Ab Soil Horizon. ---- clear and smooth lower boundary 1.10 Silty very fine sand(very fine sandy loam),dark brown(7.5YR4/4),with few medium prominent inclusions of C12;weak coarse prismatic structure,few very fine roots concentrated near lower .. boundary,friable,2AC1 Soil Horizon. clear and smooth lower boundary 1.25 Silty very fine sand(very fine sandy loam),strong brown(7.5YR4/6);weak coarse prismatic structure,few very fine roots,friable-firm,2Bw Soil Horizon. `— ---- clear and smooth lower boundary 1.45 Silty very fine sand(loam),strong brown(7.5YR4/4);weak coarse prismatic structure,few very fine roots,friable-firm,2BC1 Soil Horizon. WINO ---- clear and smooth lower boundary 1.88 Silty very fine sand(loam),dark brown(7.5YR4/3)with a lithic cultural feature exhibiting similar matrix but with organic-enriched dark brown(7.5YR3/3)staining and with few to common 72 ow Belvedere/SOCA Phase I Appendix 3 rr medium prominent inclusions of C 12;weak coarse prismatic structure,no fine roots,firm;2BC2 Soil Horizon. ---- gradual and smooth lower boundary 2.22 Silty very fine sand(loam),dark brown to brown(7.5YR3/4-5/3);with few fine prominent C12 OW inclusions at 205cmbs(not collected);weak coarse platy structure,no roots,firm;2BC3 Soil Horizon. ---- gradual and smooth lower boundary eat 2.50+ Silty very fine sand(loam),dark brown (7.5YR3/4);with few fine prominent C12 inclusions near upper boundary(not collected);weak coarse platy breaking into weak medium angular blocky structure;no roots,firm;2BC4 Soil Horizon. ✓ ow o w ow w oo ow r ar Orr rrr OW VW irr OW 73 OW APPENDIX 4 ARTIFACT INVENTORY Prepared by Jennifer Aultman ar. a aar a a a a a 74 a MO 1' 0 O.@ 13t@ Q a m 2g1 a o 2 a C . w w c @ J i. E .. E ry o�o 2 '8 o o 2 t. .p > > - d Ea m E c T Y U 0-o- 9 D ., m $ @ U v N , T C T v O s t T N q'T@ -6 0 E 76 g,_. m m o.N 8 E ; '_ 0. m Y a -0 CIWO R N N N (O O N,-,7 M f.-M N N V N (O M M V V OJ Q 01 N M 7 N .- N(O r N(0 0 O,--(O O 0 V M V ^� 0 0 r ,-O N N M T 0 0 0(O.--O,O N O O(n 0)O 6,-6606 00W00 - 0000 . 0 0 1-0 w w m f wet N c m d E m m E m u m- E s K m f 0 t0 _ _ MIN ~ m E E r 2 a Q Q c y °. m 0 • N E m 0 0 . 0 0 m 1r N rn m E �`p me c 0 .'5 0 0 m MO 0 : I d E 7 — f - 9 E C J J Lit I'D a E a � r P U Q U Q IIIm 3 IN� IN.� 1N.� 11..�� 1N� N(-( IN� N(� IIy.� 1r�.� I��.( ryry IN� NN !N-� II�� Ir--�� 1N.� L C C L C L L C L L (O L L C C L L L L C@-c L -c- -c@ L L L C L L L L to-c To co co 2 co to J J J@ J J J J J J J J J J J J J J eca co,-0-.01-53. j HMI P P Q P U P Q P P Q P P m � Q Q Q P P P Q W Q Q P Q P Q P Q P P P J J J J L J � J J alas E o °? m d 3 (y @ x @ o Y @ @ @ w x @ Do d @ v @ m @ m D m m @ w @ @ @ @ E P. 00-"2.- @ @�' m C !C Y m Y m. 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W c a am - am,� ao m rnY m a 0 E m ° E m a J n 3V . 2 m N C T 2 0 D)C �a N G ` m o ' E N ' €N a a+ an d - y U v o a m o o m C m d Z o Z o N T/ m O m 2 Om usi N m N > 0—C O^ > O m N O L a m 3 m a m L m U 0N m E, m 3y o O ° d a N m V o Et o E c o ° �e c m ' v m aa m wad cw am w 3 iO...mS > 00000 N m N.-N.- 0 m 77'-'0.07M M M -N 7 N a M O N 0 0 N N ^ O O 6 N N D O N M --V O O O O .-.- O m O N a -N 0 0 0 6 O m O O N IM a .- N N N m f N _ m m-._ N N r r E m 1 E m u m— E x 2 MI -m . m d F - -.15 > iy a 5 m r c QH (0 Qy c c a o c a i, c a i� i. y E E a E o E E E m P'3c Ole c 0 `o 0 m o Mb St s t A `m N ` E F a a_ a_ v a_ h t` ° h E a v by ' -Q-o c F N m e N m m e U , 0' U , Vl To an m 2 2 2 N 0 L N N N L N L N m 2• L m m C j m 3 0 m m m L j m m m m O 60 0 0 0 0 0 0 0'0 70 0 a 0 0 0'0 O U 0 600000 E E 3 ■O 0 - m m ° 2 .2m o m'LLx a a n m m m E m x 1m° P ° m m m m m° ° m m m O a x m d m m m an d m m m m m 0 d N U N m L C C t L N N m m m m N N G O m L U C N N m UC h h O L Um m CO = 1 a N l G G G N U U U U U U U g N m U c o o U ry U U U U ry iEp (Ep U U U U U (Ep U U 0 0 0 0 0 O )Ep , 00000 _EIEEEg c O 3 M O- M.-MN.- ■- .- CO M.- a .-0.- MM.-.-.-.- M,-«,- U m m ea m E m a LL Z m• E w r r r r r r n n n n n n n n r N r r r r r r r r n n n r n n n n n n r r r r r 0 0 0 0 0°0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 r 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 090 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 N CO N N N N N N 000 N N N 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 N N N N N N CO N N N N N p o uo Lo N N m m co m m co co m co m oo m co m 0o m m m m m co co m m m m m m m Urn m a m m IOW m u 'c N M m 0 N a N m M 9 9 . N N M M M M M a 0 m r r r r 000 o O.N N N r r a a r m E '-'-' 9999 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9999 990 q q q 0 0 0 9 j m m m m m m U U U U U U U U U U U U o U o U U U 000 UUUUUU U U O O O O 2 ow a` m • 0000000000 0 0 0 0 0 m m 0000000 m m m 000000 000000 a IMO 76 WO we a °� o m T v L y 22 m a c a a 0 w m pox m m`a U 5¢ o m m o N o.L L 2 ,74142 m r m m T ! m y m m Y J r = pC . Ago O Y O y E A 8 m . ? T s d O O]m O Q d p C I r. a E� m FE, ° c U S J£ c J TB , • .m m o 0 Bom w rn 0 m _ h oE m s.J a m^ C m d — c m T T N j> N L L l Y L 'E., g a m m o o p t d o rn� r - o E a coo E r- M ==N r O)N N r m 0 M N N O M r N N N 0010 0 V M N W O N mN M .0 0 N ^ N cos,; 66== 0=r 60 co O N0 0 V 0 n 0 0 7 O O O N 0 0 O r o O .- ,- Co r = N , N m m m f MN N -_ c0 CO N N C . O N = N m E m 8I 2 ' v E — m M m m d a `m 0 4I111 Fr a o c J L Q m co w N m m ° A O m y V O J co ik L C d m a c 0 e 0 0 m ar p m c m 4E 21i L MN yF a a_ a a 'o E E E E t V V o a E a° a ° . m F c J J N J m m m m m _m ..T2 m m -V-eVVty VVV-c VVVVyV V:PV V V ty— - CO m 0 m m m m m m m m m J m m m ill 2 m m m m m m c m m 9(p m m m m m m m C m J J y J L J J J J J J J J J J J ? J J J J J O J J O J L J J€ O O J j o- o- Qo va-v o-o-o-i� E o•vv o-o' o•vv o•o-JO•� Qo-(oJ 'o•o-o o•QO o o- Q rr E c O m m m m `m m m d d m d EC d YY DY m Y Y NY m d CD fU Y�YY m m lOYY-�Y OIY Y YY�Y O'er Y m d m 6 U O J m m O m E 10=1.0 O m m y t U m m L L w c c m U m m m m m U m m c m N L N N LL U E c c U 0 r == m= y U rr C LL== y y c LL r�w C LL=w J C y AIN b U U U U U ry N_A U U To U U U U U U U U a 000000002 U U U U U U U U U U U U U U . U_ E G '- _ ___.-M N N M N�- _ M N[O N V N.-01 N U F2 `m 7.0 m E m J W Z . m E 0 r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r O O 000000 00000 0 000000000 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0p 0 0 0 0 0 0 O 2 O O 000000 00000 O 000000000 O O N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 0 0 0 N m N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N NN NNNNNNNNNNN(�(�N N (� (� N p 01 Of e rn 0 rn rn 0 ..... 0) 0 0 0 0 W e W W 0 MO O) m — u c 2m W O ,-N N N 01,-, r N N M r N N N N N M M N f0 0' N N 0 t0 r 0 N N N M M i0 c 0 9 9 q o 0 0 o g q o o q o g o g q o 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 — j 0 O OOOOOO E,2222 W W W LLLLLLLLILILLL LLLL(�OOIII 15,LL M O a` m m m 0)0)0)0)0)0) 0)0)0)0)0) m 0)4,0)4,0)4,4,0)4, m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m a - - - 77 a a x a rr m Pa T8 a p T_ ma 1 m m N o E c m m o co u mm 0 J N Of `V C Vfq OI OI G IIII U — N N 'S N m N J O EE c y E L E m m c c m y o co m « Cj t O 0 0 m C N t d 1E �l C D N N L O co Ul a N T D 3 O N O O« O m,_ m N g ro o m -, w ro 2 m 3 w` t E E m d E o a 10 r A-.-O M N N N m 7 r N (0 c0 M V O N 1-M N 0 C N N- U) 0 T M 0)C <N 0 A-i()0 A-O N 36666.-.-6 CO 0 0 6 N 6646 N 0 0 0.- O 66 O O 6666 O 0) r N 66 N- WO N N m f N r .- - (0 CO CO 0) N r Q N r r r r E m b? m u m— E iti x WO a m m 0 V 0 0 m d '� m N 0 - N' E tv y ta~ 0oi o-E E 0 i. ' U 2 U 2 Q Q Q U N Q ON Q _ D O '0 -y 6 v u « m d m c d J 2 0 o E E E o E m d �N N N @ m N N t c m E o E m E o E E E ° 0 c E 11 c 0 m `0 U 0 D . _ WI m E x m U t m m m m E E E 0) L.p L.p L C .1'. L C L'O 2V.2. C L L w< r m N m m '2 m N m m C m m m m 2 N m U 0- U O" U O' 0 0'U O" O'N U O U O' Cr N U O" am .- m N N m ry N m J m . V.P CN 0 L N N VV.-P.V. --c N 2 m c m o m m N N N 2 22 0 0 0 a( J J J N N m N N 0 0 J Q L a U J a o O J J'a L J J'C p a O'U J M Q L a U N Q a a a a a a a U a E Z NO V' m m Y m Y Y N L N tY m Y m Y O ` l a Y O d d m Y N y 2 2 2 2 3 2 3 2 m w L w m L m L L m m m L L w L w C C W L CC,C aa-uwL N GCN — . N N N N === . N C C N C N N U 2 U U E U U EN U U U U U A U U« U U U U U U U U U U U p U U U U p 9 9 ( Ea .2 U 22 U U U U U U U U U GO c ON A-A-A-A-N'-A-N'N A- 0N._..- N A-A-M A- A- A-A-A- .- A- N A-O A- A-V CO A- U . , El m E tL 2 m E 010 0u. , r r r r r r r r r N-r n r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r n 000000000000 0 0000 0 0 0 0 0 0 000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 T-0000000 0 m N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N rn N N N N N N N N N N N(7 M 7 M ( M(7 M m M ch [h M c CO CO CC w O r 0) O M N N N N CO O 0 0 0 9 00000 0 r r 0 r N 0 r m .—N N O N M N 9 '1994999977999 q g O 0 o O g o q 0 o goo O O '-999 q Y Y N 0 0 0 q > � ����Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y J J J J O or a` m : vs 1- as x - - - m 2 a 0 cc c a u 9 y ° 3 N T a N Z L C N N Y N 9 2 0-2-7 2 N a N MN E N m CtON ` m GO ? m O U L N m O 'O N N o.3 N`O ‘,27%772 m d E N m m N v rn L« T N= N N _ 0a0° c cc .cE= aT d C o. _ N N ' >. N OS NL c E c Y a c a > ;F n N o d 3 d 0 O 2 co u-_ row 'D V V i0 001.0 N r N N.-Q N V)N tD'U'U).- .-0,-.0000C N— 'O I�'N m N 10r r,-N,-0 M0,-.0 co V ^� M M O Q O 9 0 .-- N 9 d�m.-.-0 0.- 6.-6666 .-.-OO O m 0 0,0 0 O)O N 666 o N N r N C f r N- _ - N O N moo C t N E cc C)E m v m-- E +r. x C i Y . y 0 N cc 0) r `% U III ~ a 0 a a a a `o J a a _ J _ J a (0 c d d d d m m m o S om o t o J c o y 2 E o m MN E o 'i 0m ° m _ - c 0 0 0 o m wig "E J _ N S t ,0E co : E VMS H a a a v 12 m J E w stymy t� v.. 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O M,-.-c7 C.,-.)C- 00 CO V v v v v O V R R m- n m a v O Q O m- v.m .m cm- .m v.m <r N U 'C OOOO r rr 0W ,- 0,N MR Q'O 0 NO N[OD m moo m OOOO.-NN MM MR V V V O N" OO OO c _000 044 09 99999904 9909449 09 a` _ __ _ . C 'd. m m m m m m m .m CO m m m m m m m m m m 000(0000 m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m a 79 aa. M x c c p N N N O J a a O. 22' O. < O' 2 U a N a y c c c v...o -o a d "ill a E• c a$o E a 0 . 'E o o L Cr O Q 8 m E m NM N O a N m c 6802 c o 3 E `m E m `m a N O 0 2 a 0 0)0 = a ,i',-0= 2'63 0 N N N co N E C N N m m r (O u)0 N.-a O N r m N N N 0 N V 0 V a a N O N V r 0 r e m O a O M r N O N 010 n M r.- N ^� O N,-O 0 0 (Si 6 0 0—0 O 4 O 6 O C 6 O a, M O 0 0 0 O 0 0'— NW N o— oi a N N N m �i of d Oil E CI of E S-":.-' E x to m a F iN O d a 22 Q m a r m SE E d mu co N E E IIIIII c 0 E 0 0 U m U c uo E m 0 f- a J N 0 EM o 0< m ac J N Q N N Ille •_ Nd Imp I.� N.� NN NN ff--�� II.�� NN NN NN NN a NN II�� ryry NN ryry NN NN NN II--�� NN NN NN Nd ��yy rr--�� mI.�� !!--�� II--�� U r L a `ty a t0 tN ty L. C C C C L L L C 0 0 C 0 C L L C L L C V C C L C C C L O L L L L a 2 N c c N N N l0 N N D (0 S S S N (0 (0 N N N N S N S N S N !0 IO w N 2 `"° 222222 2 N'c 2 N-2 N 2 N J O O 0 J 0 J J J 0 J J J J J J J J L J J J J J J J J J J J J 0 J J c J J J Q� U Q U Q Q Q J Q Q O'Q Q Q Q Q Q U Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q O'Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 N C E o UN m an d.4.-2 an d d m m g 43 m Li. _. (1,,,-=‘, OW Y Y Y Y D 8 Y t0 Y t0 l0.Y Y 1p Y N Y Y tp l0 Y t0 Y- w" °Y Y Y )N Y Y N 1 , Y l0 -2p N Y C y 0 d J C C C G G G a N,p N C m N G C NC N C N C N C .3 C N F.c C C C C'cu N C Ol fUL N LL U N C N 0 a U o.N_, jy a o o o o o o o U U o o Y o U o o o U o o«U«o U o U o o U U N o U«o«U«o o U o (E U ££ ° . ° «««£«« « ««« ««««««rn«« U U U U U U c U U se ._._._._._._ E 3 .-.- m .-.-N.-0,-.-.-N,-N N,-,-M.-a Cola,N.-.-,-,-0 '- N,-a 7,m N 0 Mb P. 0 O y a 0 E 2 ii Z I' O O n N N N N N N N.00.'1.000000 2? 0000 OS r r r r r n n n r r r r r r n n n r r m r r r n r n r r n n n n n n n r r r r r r r r y n r r r r r r n n 00000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 000000000 ° N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 G <omm(30 a a 4444 a v a u?5 Li.,i5 2 L0 as a L0 u5 a.:r (a tO to 00(00 to 0(o 000000 -1 uii in in in io(o in U)it" U IIIIN Z y < 0 m d mmmn mmaa�n��o�mrnrn�Nm a main�nroNNmmNma�nno�N�� c C N N N N' O O O O O 8 0 0 0 0 0' O O N N N N N NQ 4444444 44444 00000000 t' im zzzzzzzzzzzzzz000aaaaaddddd000000000cell a r1-1-1-1-��� 0 W 000000000 a o Mi m < mmmmm mmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmm < mmmmmmmmm < al 80 ow AM Q a o 2 a 2. .2 E O m> n a a Q x r m N N 0 0)I ` x J C 0 U L O O m 0 9. N O= :as_ am pp L C Y u w o r. c o ° ° 12 ma x d p N a c a 0 0 cn V .«o x 0 s, a y c ia ,2 m m...-2 t Pd 2 2 d o a o a s o o o m E a'E o p> x 'a m a a cO y y N N'0 p o o $ oo x- - E a 0) o E 05 O C c C.£ — a n E w w y L C c a -L .... (O C t0 Q m .3 MN O O v-, M M U)' -U) N LL')M(N N to r Q I,,-N .-V-.0 �N Q ^ r O O N .- M N O O Q 7 '- .--N O O fO M o °N R Q Q N- N r Q N a) N Q N N Q - i0 M N ,- N 77 E =2—E m Cu m E — x n) 2 m E m m = 0 ca Wl F tN. 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N N N N N N N N N N N N O N N N N N N N N N N N N NO VII M cm c-.5 M M M M (7 O R C c-(`J V c'754-1 N N N N(n N N m u d (0 (0(O (00(00 (O(O(O N-n n n m 0> m N N N N N M M M CO - N N N N 411111 m F FF IL IL F F r- -F F F -H r r F111-1111-1- r41-1-1-1-41-1-41-1-1-1- r ❑C ❑❑ ❑❑❑❑ ❑0❑❑❑❑❑❑❑ O❑❑ 000 00 ❑ a m : m mm mmmm commmmmmmm mmm mmmmm m Q NW - 83 - APPENDIX 5 VDHR SITE FORMS .. .. .• .. .. 84 ... Report Generated on: 2/8/2008 City/County: Albemarle rr DEPARTMENT OF HISTORIC RESOURCES ARCHAEOLOGICAL REPORT DHR ID#: 44AB0019 DHR Site Number: 44AB0019 Other DHR Number: Resource Name: Temporary Designation: = Site Class: Terrestrial,open air CULTURAL/TEMPORAL AFFILIATION ,®, Cultural Designation Temporal Designation Native American Woodland THEMATIC CONTEXTS/SITE FUNCTIONS err Thematic Context: Domestic Example: Camp Comments/Remarks: rr large campsite LOCATION INFORMATION rr USGS Quadrangle(s): CHARLOTTESVILLE EAST Restrict UTM Data? No ,.� Center UTM Coordinates(for less than 10 acres): NAD 17/421776/723840/2 NAD ZONE EAST NORTH Boundary UTM Coordinates(for 10 acres or more): r NAD ZONE EAST NORTH Physiographic Province: Piedmont Drainage: James River Aspect: Flat Nearest Water Source: South Fork Rivanna River Elevation(in feet): 337.00 Distance to Water(in feet): 200 it Slope: 0-2% Site Soils: Toccoa fine sandy loam Adjacent Soils: Wehadkee silt loam Landform: floodplain r SITE CONDITION/SURVEY DESCRIPTION Site Dimensions: 1 feet by 1 feet Acreage: INN Survey Strategy: Subsurface Testing Surface Testing «. Site Condition: Intact Stratified Cultural Levels AIM 85 City/County: Albemarle us Threats to Resource: Private Development Major Alteration Survey Description: uo 2007 Phase I:Shovel testing to depth of 2.5 ft at 50-ft intervals w/screening through 1/4-inch mesh. Deep mechanical trenches selectively placed to record stratigraphy and with opportunistic artifact collection. This site was identified by surface collection in 1942 by C.G.Holland(Notebook#1,VDHR). r Original sketch map in Holland's notebook together with text description suggests that the site as mapped by VDHR is in the wrong location,and should actually be ca.250 ft north in roughly the location of 44AB0033,which appears to have been identified in 1978-9 probably mit as a rediscovery of 44AB0019. Phase I survey in 2007 recovered prehistoric materials both in shovel tests and deep mechanical trenches in the area of 44AB0019 as mapped by VDHR, however additional testing is required to determine whether these materials are evidence of a discrete site or part of the extensive(ca.5.5-acre)44AB0033 just to the north. CURRENT LAND USE 1111111 Land Use: Example: Agricultural field Dates of Use: 2007/11/99 me Comments/Remarks: field left fallow for ca. 10 years. Overgrown but bushhogged prior to 2007 Phase I survey. SPECIMENS,FIELDNOTES,DEPOSITORIES wn Specimens Obtained? Specimens Depository: Assemblage Description: ire Rivanna Phase I(2007):lithic debitage(largely quartz,some quartzite and chert),prehistoric sand-,sand&grit-,and crushed quartz-tempered ceramics(Stony Creek,Albemarle Series). Some cord-impressed. Specimens Reported? Yes rrr Assemblage Description--Reported: 3 axes, 1 pitted stone, 1 celt,4 frags.quartzite points,7 quartx points, 1 quartzite drill,6 quartzite triangular points rrr Field Notes Reported? Yes Depository: Rivanna Archaeological Services,Charlottesville C.G.Holland field notes,notebook 1,DHR REPORTS,DEPOSITORY AND REFERENCES rim Report(s)? Yes Depository: DHR Library Reference Number: ur Reference for reports and publications: Holland's notebook MO Report(s)? Yes Depository: DHR Library Reference Number: Reference for reports and publications: irr Thompson,Stephen M.w,Danial Hayes and Jennifer Aultman 2008 Phase I Archaeological Survey and Geoarchaeological Investigation on Two Portions of the Belvedere Development Property, Albemarle County,Virginia(VDHR#2006-0394,COE#2006-7633) err PHOTOGRAPHIC DOCUMENTATION AND DEPOSITORY Photographic Documentation? Depository Type of Photos Photo Date us 86 Mb City/County: Albemarle .r CULTURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT EVENTS ..r Cultural Resource Management Event: Survey:Phase I/Reconnaissance Date: 1942/11/99 Organization and Person: Organization: First: C.G. Last: Holland Sponsor Organization: DHR Project Review File No: CRM Event Notes or Comments: also gives Feb. 1978 as date AIM Cultural Resource Management Event: Survey:Phase I/Reconnaissance Date: 2007/11/99 Organization and Person: Organization: Rivanna Archaeol First: Steve Last: Thompson Sponsor Organization: DHR Project Review File No: 2006-0394 ,rr CRM Event Notes or Comments: This site was first recorded in 1942 by C.G.Holland. Examination of Holland's original notes suggests that the site has been inaccurately mapped in VDHR records and should be located ca.800 ft to the north at approximately the location of 44AB0033. Phase I survey indicates that prehistoric remains exist in the mapped location of 44AB0019,however the horizontal and vertical extent of these resources cannot be determined. INDIVIDUAL/ORGANIZATION/AGENCY INFORMATION 4110 Individual Category Codes: ..r Honorif: First: Last: Suffix: Title: Company/ Agency: Address: City: State: Zip: Phone/Ext: Notes: Ownership Type: Private Government Agency: a.r ar 4110 fib 87 Report Generated on: 2/8/2008 aa! City/County: Albemarle se DEPARTMENT OF HISTORIC RESOURCES ARCHAEOLOGICAL REPORT no DHR ID#: 44AB0020 DHR Site Number: 44AB0020 Other DHR Number: um Resource Name: Temporary Designation: Site Class: Terrestrial,open air MI CULTURAL/TEMPORAL AFFILIATION Cultural Designation Temporal Designation Native American Archaic Native American Middle Woodland THEMATIC CONTEXTS/SITE FUNCTIONS ow Thematic Context: Domestic Example: Camp Comments/Remarks: large campsite r LOCATION INFORMATION Of USGS Quadrangle(s): CHARLOTTESVILLE EAST Restrict UTM Data? No Center UTM Coordinates(for less than 10 acres): NAD 17/4217560/723900/2 sr NAD ZONE EAST NORTH Olt Boundary UTM Coordinates(for 10 acres or more): OP NAD ZONE EAST NORTH NW OW Physiographic Province: Piedmont Drainage: James River Aspect: Flat Nearest Water Source: South Fork Rivanna River Elevation(in feet): 337.00 Distance to Water(in feet): 100 ■r Slope: 0-2% Site Soils: Toccoa fine sandy loam Adjacent Soils: Chewacla silt loam Landform: floodplain •w SITE CONDITION/SURVEY DESCRIPTION Site Dimensions: 100 feet by 100 feet Acreage: 0.23 WO Survey Strategy: Subsurface Testing Surface Testing up 88 UN City/County: Albemarle WWI Site Condition: Intact Stratified Cultural Levels AIM Threats to Resource: Private Development Major Alteration Survey Description: appended note reads: 1979 testing of an area 12'x 16'revealed no features in the orange "' clayey subsoil. Rivanna Phase I(2007):2007 Phase I survey utilized shovel testing at 50-ft intervals to ,,, standard depth of 2.5 ft. Also deep mechanical trenching to record stratigraphy. Shovel testing largely only through plow-and flood-disturbed sediments. Trenching indicates cultural deposits to depths of at least 4 ft. Site was first identified by C.G.Holland during surface collecting in 1942(Holland Notebook#1,VDHR),and his map and description suggests that much of this site lies south of the present location and beyond the bounds of the 2007 survey area. Thus,site size may well be larger than what is indicated here. CURRENT LAND USE ' ' Land Use: Example: Agricultural field Dates of Use: 2007/11/99 Comments/Remarks: Field fallow for ca. 10 years,heavily overgrown but bushhogged prior to 2007 Phase I survey. SPECIMENS,FIELDNOTES,DEPOSITORIES Specimens Obtained? Specimens Depository: r Assemblage Description: Rivanna Archaeological Services 2007 Phase I-lithic debitage(largely quartz,some quartzite and chert). 1 Piscataway/Rossville,2 Badin, 1 Madison projectile points(all quartz).FCR.sand-,sand&grit-,crushed quartz-tempered prehistoric pottery. Specimens Reported? No Assemblage Description--Reported: Are 5 axes, 1 soapstone pot handle,2 adzes,4 axe frags.,2 celts,7"spuds",2 quartz knives,22 quartz projectile poitns,6 quartzite projectile points,2 Kaolin pipe frag. 1 ornament frag.&etc. Field Notes Reported? Yes Depository: Rivanna Archaeological Services,Charlottesville ASP REPORTS,DEPOSITORY AND REFERENCES Report(s)? Yes Depository: RAS DHR Library Reference Number: Reference for reports and publications: Thompson,Stephen M.,with Danial Hayes and Jennifer Aultman 2008 Phase I Archaeological Survey and Geoarchaeological Investigation on Two Portions of the Belvedere Development Property, Albemarle County,Virginia ,w Report(s)? Yes Depository: DHR Library Reference Number: Reference for reports and publications: "' Holland's notebook IMO 89 City/County: Albemarle ■r PHOTOGRAPHIC DOCUMENTATION AND DEPOSITORY Photographic Documentation? Depository Type of Photos Photo Date OW CULTURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT EVENTS aer Cultural Resource Management Event: Survey:Phase I/Reconnaissance Date: 1942/11/99 Organization and Person: WI Organization: First: C.G. Last: Holland Sponsor Organization: DHR Project Review File No: 11ro CRM Event Notes or Comments: file also gives feb. 1978 as date. Cultural Resource Management Event: Survey:Phase I/Reconnaissance Date: 2007/11/99 Organization and Person: Organization: Rivanna Archaeol First: Steve Last: Thompson 111111 Sponsor Organization: DHR Project Review File No: 2006-0394 CRM Event Notes or Comments: 1111 Site first identified by C.G.Holland in 1942 and described(with map)in Notebook#1. Site extends south of 2007 Phase I survey area according to Holland's notes. Cultural Resource Management Event: Boundary Increase Date: 2008/02/07 Organization and Person: vie Organization: DHR First: Sara Last: Leonard Sponsor Organization: DHR Project Review File No: are CRM Event Notes or Comments: Site boundaries were modified in DHR geodatabase after further investigations from Rivanna Archaeology. INDIVIDUAL/ORGANIZATION/AGENCY INFORMATION 111111 Individual Category Codes: are Honorif: First: Last: Suffix: Title: OW Company/ Agency: Address: City: State: Zip: Phone/Ext: 1111) Notes: 1111 90 111111 Air City/County: Albemarle ar Ownership Type: Private Government Agency: NW ar rr it Vat VINO AIM s . 91 NO Report Generated on: 2/8/2008 WO City/County: Albemarle woo DEPARTMENT OF HISTORIC RESOURCES ARCHAEOLOGICAL REPORT es DHR ID#: 44AB0033 DHR Site Number: 44AB0033 Other DHR Number: es Resource Name: Temporary Designation: Site Class: Terrestrial,open air so CULTURAL/TEMPORAL AFFILIATION Cultural Designation Temporal Designation Native American Late Woodland so Native American Middle Woodland THEMATIC CONTEXTS/SITE FUNCTIONS so Thematic Context: Domestic Example: Camp,base Comments/Remarks: SO Thematic Context: Settlement Patterns Example: Camp,base MO Comments/Remarks: Oil LOCATION INFORMATION USGS Quadrangle(s): CHARLOTTESVILLE EAST Restrict UTM Data? No so Center UTM Coordinates(for less than 10 acres): NAD 17/4217880/723840/2 ow NAD ZONE EAST NORTH or Boundary UTM Coordinates(for 10 acres or more): ■r NAD ZONE EAST NORTH r Physiographic Province: Piedmont Drainage: James River Aspect: Flat Nearest Water Source: South Fork Rivanna River and ow unnamed tributary Elevation(in feet): 340.00 Distance to Water(in feet): 325 Slope: 0-2% Site Soils: Toccoa fine sandy loam irr Adjacent Soils: Chewacla silt loam Landform: floodplain MI 92 le w City/County: Albemarle SITE CONDITION/SURVEY DESCRIPTION Site Dimensions: 250 feet by 700 feet Acreage: 5.50 alp Survey Strategy: Surface Testing Site Condition: Intact Stratified Cultural Levels a.. Unknown Portion of Site Destroyed Threats to Resource: Major Alteration MIN Survey Description: See Dr.Holland's testing notes,no midden or subsurface features were encountered by a r backhoe opening up an area eight feet by four feet and four feet deep. Rivanna Archaeological Services 2007 Phase I survey excavated and screened(1/4-inch) shovel tests at 50-ft intervals to standard depths of 2.5 ft. Mechanical trenches excavated to .r record floodplain stratigraphy. Site area based on shovel testing results,which tested largely uppermost plow-and flood-disturbed sediments. Trenching revealed cultural materials and fire-cracked rock features at depths of up to 4 ft below grade,charcoal observed at depths approaching 7 ft below grade. The horizontal and vertical extents of this site remain 4■111 incompletely known. Buried A-horizon w/Middle-Late Woodland artifacts encountered in some locations at average depth of 2 ft below grade. Elsewhere this horizon appears removed by flooding and/or plowing. 1979 trenching appears to have been east of area of primary ,r„ artifact concentration defined in 2007. Study of Holland's 1942 notes(Notebook#1,VDHR)suggests that this is actually the location of 44AB0019 and that the early collection associated with that site belongs here at the '® northern end of the field. Inaccurate map location of 44AB0019 appears to have resulted in "rediscovery"of this site and its designation as 44AB0033 in 1978-9. r CURRENT LAND USE 1001 Land Use: Subsistence/A Example: Agricultural field Dates of Use: 2007/11/99 Comments/Remarks: Former cultivated field left fallow for ca. 10 years. Heavily overgrown by 2007 but bushhogged prior to Phase I survey. SPECIMENS,FIELDNOTES,DEPOSITORIES Specimens Obtained? Yes Specimens Depository: VDHR r Assemblage Description: quartz&quartzite flakes and bifaces. See finds list at the VRCA. ..r Rivanna Phase I(2007):primarily quartz debitage,some quartzite and chert. I Yadkin point(quartz),few sherds of sand-,sand&grit-,and crushed quartz tempered prehistoric pottery. *MO Specimens Reported? Yes Assemblage Description--Reported: Field Notes Reported? Yes Depository: Rivanna Archaeological Services,Charlottesville Alf wee 93 City/County: Albemarle ar REPORTS,DEPOSITORY AND REFERENCES Report(s)? Yes Depository: DHR Library Reference Number: Reference for reports and publications: Dr.Holland's testing notes(could not be located in 2007) Report(s)? Yes Depository: DHR DHR Library Reference Number: Reference for reports and publications: irr Thompson,Stephen M.,with Danial Hayes and Jennifer Aultman 2008,Phase I Archaeological Survey and Geoarchaeological Investigation of Two Portions of the Belvedere Development Property, Albemarle County,Virginia. SIP PHOTOGRAPHIC DOCUMENTATION AND DEPOSITORY Photographic Documentation? Depository Type of Photos Photo Date CULTURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT EVENTS Cultural Resource Management Event: Survey:Phase I/Reconnaissance Date: 2007/11/99 11111 Organization and Person: Organization: Rivanna Archaeol First: Stephen Last: Thompson Sponsor Organization: DHR Project Review File No: 2006-0394 S' CRM Event Notes or Comments: Phase I survey conducted prior to proposed construction of soccer fields in floodplain. NI Cultural Resource Management Event: Survey:Phase I/Reconnaissance Date: 1979/04/06 Organization and Person: Organization: DHR First: Keith Last: Egloff Sponsor Organization: DHR Project Review File No: rrrr CRM Event Notes or Comments: Viejo etal Cultural Resource Management Event: Boundary Increase Date: 2008/02/07 Organization and Person: Organization: DHR First: Sara Last: Leonard �1 Sponsor Organization: DHR Project Review File No: lilt CRM Event Notes or Comments: Boundary Increased in DHR geodatabase after further investigations done by Rivanna Archaeology. INDIVIDUAL/ORGANIZATION/AGENCY INFORMATION Individual Category Codes: 94 Oil 'illi City/County: Albemarle VAN Honorif: First: Last: Suffix: Title: Company/ Agency: Address: City: State: Zip: Phone/Ext: Notes: duo Ownership Type: Private Government Agency: arP r AND rr MOO Y.. 95 Report Generated on: 2/8/2008 fffr City/County: Albemarle O r DEPARTMENT OF HISTORIC RESOURCES ARCHAEOLOGICAL REPORT go DHR ID#: 44AB0340 DHR Site Number: 44AB0340 Other DHR Number: Resource Name: Or Temporary Designation: Site Class: Terrestrial,open air um CULTURAL/TEMPORAL AFFILIATION Cultural Designation Temporal Designation Indeterminate 20th Century Or Native American Late Woodland Native American Prehistoric/Unknown THEMATIC CONTEXTS/SITE FUNCTIONS ' Thematic Context: Other Example: Trash scatter Comments/Remarks: r historic trash dump. Also scattered 20th-century refuse as a result of casual discard along road/drive Mfr Thematic Context: Domestic Example: Camp Comments/Remarks: extensive site area suggests multiple visits/occupations tiff LOCATION INFORMATION NO USGS Quadrangle(s): CHARLOTTESVILLE EAST Restrict UTM Data? No Center UTM Coordinates(for less than 10 acres): NAD 17/4217690/723400/2 Of. NAD ZONE EAST NORTH u ro Boundary UTM Coordinates(for 10 acres or more): NAD 17/4217835/723540/2 is NAD 17/4217800/723570/2 NAD 17/4217550/723260/2 o w NAD 17/4217520/723306/2 MO Oft 96 tilt mor City/County: Albemarle r NAD ZONE EAST NORTH 17 4217835 723540 17 4217800 723570 17 4217550 723260 17 4217520 723306 AEI Physiographic Province: Piedmont Drainage: James River '�` Aspect: Facing northwest Nearest Water Source: unnamed first-order stream to NW Elevation(in feet): 460.00 Distance to Water(in feet): 250 Slope: 2-6% Site Soils: Cullen loam '° Adjacent Soils: Landform: ridge �r. SITE CONDITION/SURVEY DESCRIPTION Site Dimensions: 1,255 feet by 180 feet Acreage: 5.20 .r Survey Strategy: Subsurface Testing Site Condition: Unknown Portion of Site Destroyed AND Threats to Resource: Development Survey Description: ■, STPs approx.every 86m,with radials evenly spaced off positive STPs;also,surface collecting along 153m contour.Area is highly eroded and artifacts and points were recovered from the surface and from STPs. """ 2007 Phase 1:STPs at 50-ft intervals w/radials at 25-ft intervals around positive tests. y.r CURRENT LAND USE Land Use: Subsistence/A Example: Forest Dates of Use: 2007/11/99 a,r Comments/Remarks: Former pasture,probably also plowed historically. Heavily overgrown in 2007. .r SPECIMENS,FIELDNOTES,DEPOSITORIES Specimens Obtained? Yes Specimens Depository: RAS JMA • Assemblage Description: 26 quartz flakes,2 projectile points(1 Madison quartz, 1 untyped Late Archaic stemmed quartz),undecorated whiteware,modern stoneware • Rivanna Phase I(2007):24 quartz flakes, 16 quartz shatter,3 clear bottle glass, 1 whiteware Specimens Reported? No Assemblage Description--Reported: far fa,, 97 City/County: Albemarle sir Field Notes Reported? Yes Depository: JMA Rivanna Archaeological Services,Charlottesville REPORTS,DEPOSITORY AND REFERENCES Report(s)? Yes Depository: JMA DHR Library Reference Number: Reference for reports and publications: contract report Report(s)? Yes Depository: Rivanna Archaeological Services,DHR DHR Library Reference Number: Reference for reports and publications: Thompson,Stephen M.,with Dania]Hayes and Jennifer Aultman rr 2008,Phase I Archaeological Survey and Geoarchaeological Investigation in Two Portions of the Belvedere Development Property, Albemarle County,Virginia. PHOTOGRAPHIC DOCUMENTATION AND DEPOSITORY +� Photographic Documentation? Depository Type of Photos Photo Date No 9999/99/99 rr CULTURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT EVENTS Cultural Resource Management Event: Survey:Phase I/Reconnaissance Date: 1988/08/19 Organization and Person: Organization: JMA First: Troy O. Last: Martin Sponsor Organization: DHR Project Review File No: CRM Event Notes or Comments: Cultural Resource Management Event: Other Date: 1988/12/30 Organization and Person: Organization: JMA First: Troy O. Last: Martin Sponsor Organization: DHR Project Review File No: CRM Event Notes or Comments: ow Cultural Resource Management Event: Other Date: 1997/02/05 ors Organization and Person: Organization: DHR First: Stephanie Last: Hayes Sponsor Organization: DHR Project Review File No: CRM Event Notes or Comments: Cultural Resource Management Event: Survey:Phase I/Reconnaissance Date: 2007/11/99 err 98 rr City/County: Albemarle Organization and Person: Organization: Rivanna Archaeol First: Stephen Last: Thompson Sponsor Organization: DHR Project Review File No: 2006-0394 CRM Event Notes or Comments: Phase I survey requested by Albemarle Co.planning department pursuant to a Special Use Permit application by private developer. INDIVIDUAL/ORGANIZATION/AGENCY INFORMATION ' ... Individual Category Codes: Honorif: First: Last: 4. 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